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Advances in communications technology, higher penetration rates of renewable energy and an evolution towards smarter electrical grids are enabling a greater role from demand side response (DSR) in maintaining power system security and reliability. The provision of primary operating reserve (POR) from domestic loads through a decentralised, system frequency based approach is discussed. By considering a range of system configurations (generation mix, system generation and load) and control strategies, this paper endeavours to answer critical questions concerning the large-scale roll out of decentralised DSR, including the following: what are the implications of DSR resource seasonal variability on system operation and performance following the loss of a large infeed/load? Do increased load coincidence and energy payback phenomena have the potential to significantly impact system frequency recovery? How do DSR controller hardware characteristics influence the provision and effectiveness of reserve delivery? What are the repercussions of a "fit & forget" approach to decentralised control from flexible load on frequency stability as the technology penetration increases? Can DSR be directly substituted for conventional reserve sources while recognising its post-event recovery period? Residential customer behaviour, seasonal effects and the diversity of individual device characteristics are recognised in a detailed thermodynamic flexible load model which is integrated with a detailed power system model to perform the analysis.

Summary In this paper, a new sensitivity‐based approach is proposed to minimize the load curtailment by optimal placement of series controller of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in the power system. The proposed sensitivity factors are derived in terms of change in load curtailment with respect to change in UPFC series control parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been investigated by formulating an optimal power flow problem with an objective to minimize the load curtailment. Results have been obtained on IEEE 14‐bus and IEEE 30‐bus systems. It has been shown that required load curtailment drastically reduced with placement of UPFC and could be effective in various operating conditions of power system. With this technique, a large amount of power curtailment could be avoided, hence, saved from revenue loss, social disobedience, and customer service interruption. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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