La mobilisation, la maîtrise et la gestion des ressources en eau ont toujours constitué un axe capital du développement rural en Tunisie. Cette mobilisation recouvre deux composantes de taille : d’une part, l’édification des grands barrages et la construction des ouvrages pour l’aménagement des périmètres irrigués et, d’autre part, l’évolution des formes de gestion de la ressource en eau liées aux politiques économiques adoptées par l’État. La pénurie croissante en eau pour l’irrigation provoque souvent des conflits, parfois violents, entre les bénéficiaires. Compte tenu de la forte influence des structures socio-politiques locales sur la gestion de l’eau, l’émergence et le traitement des conflits, au-delà du contexte environnemental, sont surtout une question de gouvernance. Le changement de la politique économique du pays, suite à l’adoption d’une approche privative couronnée par un repli progressif de l’État-providence, a engendré des changements réels sur l’aménagement et la forme de la gestion du périmètre irrigué de la zone de Tuborba et, par conséquent, sur l’organisation de la population dans des structures de gestion de l’eau d’irrigation. Cette nouvelle situation a entraîné l’émergence de diverses stratégies d’alliances, de conflits et de tensions. Ce travail cherche à comprendre comment les différents facteurs socio-politiques et économiques influencent l’émergence et le déroulement des conflits autour de l’eau. Quel est le rôle politique du développement de l’agriculture irriguée ? Est-il possible d’analyser les stratégies des acteurs dans un contexte local où l’eau devient, de plus en plus, un enjeu économique majeur ?
Mediterranean mountains have been and continue to be used by human populations along an interweaving of numerous uses: agro-sylvo-pastoralism, trade, industry and mining have all gone hand in hand for several millennia. Mines are however a so important source of wealth that, by putting in contact external powers and mountain locals, it creates an imbalance of powers inducing structural violence and tensions. The 1830–1962 colonial era did change the magnitude of these imbalances and this affect all Mediterranean mountainous ranges. The French expansion did affect as a result the Moroccan Atlas, the Tunisia Coastal Mounts but also the French Pyrenees. The article explores the available archives regarding the history of three mines in each of these emblematic mountains with a shared mining and agro-sylvo-pastoral past and where mining were actually well-known: Sem-Rancié and Puymorens in the French Pyrenees, Mibladen and Zeïda in the Moroccan Middle Atlas and Jebel Ressass in Tunisia. These reconstructions show that the initial social and political situations, as diverse as they are, are of little importance in the trajectory of these mines: all of them see a rapid appropriation by economic powers that are more and more powerful and more and more distant as far as Paris, the common capital in colonial times, despite several revolts and tensions. The initial expansion then gave way to a structural crisis due to the competition with other mining sites until abandonment. The following powers, post-colonial in Morocco or Tunisia or decentralized in France, did not endorse any responsibility of this the post-mining environmental, social and economic legacy. For each of these sites, the mine could be seen as an indicator of the power balance evolution among activities and actors, a canary in the mine on which we propose a methodology for further investigations.
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