Peatland fires and deforestation are prominent environmental issues in Indonesia due to industrial and plantation activities. The Indonesian government is pressured to take mitigation measures to overcome the issue since there are legal obligations to do so. One of the climate mitigation strategies is by establishing a carbon market in which the entities will be assigned certain ‘permits’ on how much greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions can be emitted, and when they have exceeded their ‘permits’, they are allowed to buy ‘extra permits’ from the other entities who still have the spare. This market has been adopted by the European Union (EU) and other countries in Asia. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce the carbon market concept by taking into account its implementation in the EU, as well as analyse how the market can become one of the climate mitigation policies in Indonesia. The research uses a doctrinal methodology that involves an in-depth legal analysis of the regulatory framework related to the issue. The authors found that the market will enhance the REDD+ Project and projected to bring revenues. However, there are challenges due to the absence of technology and the number of stakeholders involved.

Eco-friendly concrete uses less waste material which has less negative impact on the environment. This research utilizes PET plastic bottles and masks as a substitute for aggregate in concrete. The aim is to find out whether the compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete meets the requirements of structural concrete. The method used is planning mix design on seven samples, one sample of normal concrete and six samples of concrete with replacement of aggregate composition. Samples with aggregate replacement were designed from variations of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% by weight of cement and PET plastic bottles with composition variations of 5% and 10% of coarse aggregate. The test results of the average compressive strength of concrete for 28 days are 235 KN/m2 for normal concrete; 117 KN/m2, 85 KN/m2; 149 KN/m2; 64 KN/m2, 42 KN/m2 and 21 KN/m2. The highest average compressive strength was obtained at 149 KN/m2 but did not reach the design compressive strength of 235 KN/m2. It can be concluded that the use of substitute aggregates from PET plastic bottles and masks did not get concrete results that match the compressive strength of the plan, but the concrete still meets the requirements for the compressive strength of low-strength structural concrete.

Carbon gas emissions that come from the use of non-renewable energy have a bad impact on the environment. So, comes the idea of ​​transforming Novel Renewable Energy as the main energy source because it is more environmentally friendly. This is a challenge for Indonesian. Because Indonesia has the potential for Novel Renewable Energy which can be utilized as the main source of national energy security. For the proposal to be successful, it must be accompanied by qualified regulations. However, the problem today that Indonesia does not have specific independent rules regulating Novel Renewable Energy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the potentials of Indonesian’s Novel Renewable Energy as an alternative to the main source of national energy security. Besides, it is also to analyze legal support so that the environmentally friendly Novel Renewable Energy optimization program has the right legal basis. The research method in this paper uses normative research methods. The research approach of this paper uses a conceptual approach related to Novel Renewable Energy. The results show that Indonesia has big potential for Novel Renewable Energy as the main source of national energy security. So the environment-friendly Novel Renewable Energy will be realized as a source of national energy security.

This study aimed to analyze the judges' considerations in the Constitutional Court Decision Number 16/PUU-XVI/2018 regarding the provisions of Article 245 paragraph (1) of Law Number 2 of 2018, and to analyze the legal consequences of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 16/PUU-XVI/2018 regarding written approval of the President in the examination of members of the House of Representatives suspected of committing a crime. This study used a normative juridical method with a statutory approach. The data sources (the primary and secondary legal materials) were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The study results showed two judges' considerations regarding the provisions of Article 245 paragraph (1) of Law Number 2 of 2018. First, it was contrary to the principle of equality in law and government. Second, the assumption that the Honorary Court of the Council was an ethical institution with no direct relationship with the criminal justice system. The legal consequences of the Constitutional Court's Decision Number 16/PUU-XVI/2018 regarding the written approval of the President in the examination of members of the House of Representatives were causing legal uncertainty, legal injustice, and abuse of authority that could trigger a politics of retaliation.