Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of asthma has risen dramatically worldwide and evidence suggests that environmental factors have an important role in the etiology of the disease. Most respiratory diseases are caused by airborne agents. Our lungs are uniquely vulnerable to contamination from the air we breathe. Air pollution exposure is associated with increased asthma and allergy morbidity and is a suspected contributor to the increasing prevalence of allergic conditions. Observational studies continue to strengthen the association between air pollution and allergic respiratory disease. The effects of air pollution should be viewed in two different groups: healthy people and people with chronic heart or lung disease. Although the fundamental causes of asthma are not completely understood, the strongest risk factors for developing asthma are inhaled asthma triggers. These include: indoor allergens (for example house dust mites in bedding, carpets and stuffed furniture, pollution and pet dander), outdoor allergens (such as pollens and moulds), tobacco smoke and chemical irritants in the workplace. Other triggers can include cold air, extreme emotional arousal such as anger or fear, and physical exercise. Even certain medications can trigger asthma such as aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and beta-blockers. Urbanization has also been associated with an increase in asthma; however the exact nature of this relationship is unclear. Medication is not the only way to control asthma. It is also important to avoid asthma triggers-stimuli that irritate and inflame the airways. Prevalence of asthma is generally low within the Middle East, although high rates have been recorded in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Israel. The prevalence of asthma and asthma-related symptoms is high among 16-to 18-year-old adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and the symptoms are more common in boys than in girls, associated with a high rate of rhinitis symptoms and hay fever. In addition to bronchial asthma, prevalence of allergic diseases in a sample of Taif citizens assessed by an original Arabic questionnaire (phase I) evidenced a high prevalence of allergic diseases as Urticaria, allergic rhinitis with or without other co-morbidities, and atopic dermatitis. Effect of high altitude on bronchial asthma is controversial; at high altitudes, the concentrations of the allergens are reduced due to the reduced amounts of vegetation, animal populations and human influences, high UV light exposure and low humidity could be contributing factors to the benefits of high altitude other than allergen avoidance. On the contrary, Lower altitudes have significant beneficial effects for bronchial asthma patients but lessen with increasing altitudes; the mountain climate can modify respiratory function and bronchial responsiveness of asthmatic subjects. Hypoxia, hyperventilation of cold and dry air and physical exertion may worsen asthma or enhance bronchial hyper-responsiveness while a reduction in pollen...

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Purpose: The regularly used contrast media in the angiography procedures and interventions are known to carry certain risks to the patient. This includes allergy, nephrotoxicity, and pulmonary edema. Additionally, radiation exposure is associated with high bone marrow depression, infertility, and other hazards. The purpose of the study was to compare the Dynamic Roadmap technology to the regular contrast used in coronary intervention regarding radiation exposure, fluoroscopy time, and incidence of Contrast Induced Nephropathy. Methodology: Observational prospective cohort with 2 arms where 40 patients were randomly divided into 2 arms a case and control groups. The case group had DRM technology used in their procedures where the control group received the standard contrast used in the National Heart Institute. Findings: Findings showed no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in age, sex, and risk profile including status of Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Smoking and history of Ischemic Heart Disease. There was no difference in echocardiographic findings of both groups. There was significant difference in creatinine level at the 5th day of intervention and volume of contrast used and fluoroscopy time. DRM reduced contrast volume, reduced radiation exposure despite not reducing fluoroscopy or procedure time. This resulted in reduction of elevation in serum creatinine levels with similar success rates. Recommendations: Using the least possible contrast volume and radiation doses should always be target of the operator. Dynamic roadmap technology is recommended in all coronary interventions specially those at high risk of CIN with CKD.

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