No abstract

The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

The rapid increase in the world population increases the need for plant and animal food. Agriculture and animal husbandry practices are becoming more common day by day to meet the need for food and to obtain more products. This situation increases the amount of waste per unit of animal products. Increased animal excrement is associated with greenhouse gas emissions, harms the environment and animal health. One of these greenhouse gases, methane, increases animal production and poses a significant threat to global warming. Feeding research, which optimizes rumens and animal productivity to reduce ruminant methane emissions, is one of the hottest topics today. The purpose of this study is to evaluate feed distribution in terms of chemical composition, methane production, net energy, and organic matter digestibility by collecting forage and concentrates from various ranches in Niğde. Therefore, to increase the productivity of livestock on small farms in Turkey, the ratio of feed ingredients was determined on a farm basis, and there were some comments on the lower and upper limits of the fattening rate. Gas and methane production of TMR samples was determined using in vitro gas production technology. Nutrient contents obtained from different livestock farms CP (9.58-14.72), CF (1.89- 2.30), CA (7.64-13.92), ADF (19.77-27.82) NDF (36.71-45.69) DM (90.48-91.79) content, methane (CH₄), OMS, NEL and ME values were also different (P

Green fodder plants have an important place in animal nutrition in terms of meeting the nutritional needs of animals and increasing appetite. Especially in dairy cattle breeding, green feeds are needed for milk yield and quality. In order to meet the green feed needs of ruminant animals, the scarcity of agricultural areas, water use, environmental and climate factors can cause negative effects. The increase in the prices of green feeds, which cannot be sustained throughout the year, increases the tendency to soilless agriculture. The increase in feed prices due to many reasons in soil-dependent agriculture may cause the breeder to ignore the nutritional needs of the animal and cause the feeding not to be done correctly. For this purpose, it is thought that with hydroponic production, which is one of the soilless farming systems, the negative conditions related to the environment and soil can be eliminated and the feed costs can be reduced by ensuring the continuity of green feed throughout the year. Although there is a disease-free growing environment with hydroponic production, the digestibility of the products to be obtained will increase and feed efficiency will increase. In addition, with hydroponic production, the digestibility, crude protein values, vitamin and mineral contents of feeds with high cellulose content (such as barley, wheat, maize) increase. Meat, milk yield and quality, animal performance and health will also be positively affected by the increase in feed utilization. In addition to all these, it also allows the plants with a long growing period to benefit in a short time. Especially the feeds obtained by hydroponic production are used to obtain green feed of 18-20 cm in 6-7 days, and to feed animals with the obtained feed root.

Bu çalışma mısır yerine arpa kullanılan rasyonlara enzim ilavesinin yumurtlayan bıldırcınlarda performans, yumurta kalitesi ile serum ve kemik mineral seviyesi üzerine etkisini belirlemek için yürütülmüştür. Dört x 2 faktöriyel deneme planında, mısır yerine dört arpa seviyesinin (%0, 25, 50 ve 100) ve iki enzim seviyesinin (0 ve 1.0 g/kg) oluşturulduğu 8 muamele, her birinde 5 dişi bıldırcın bulunan 4 tekerrürlü olarak denenmiştir. On haftalık yaşta toplam 160 adet dişi bıldırcın 12 hafta boyunca deneme rasyonları ile yemlenmişlerdir. Ana faktör olarak rasyon arpa seviyesi yumurtlayan bıldırcınlarda canlı ağırlık değişimini, yumurta verimini, yumurta ağırlığını, yumurta kitlesini, yem tüketimini, yemden yararlanma oranını, kabuk kırılma direncini, kabuk oranı, Haugh birimini, serum fosfor ve çinko seviyelerini ile kemik kalsiyum, manganez ve çinko seviyelerini etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Bıldırcın rasyonlarında mısır yerine arpa kullanımı yumurta kabuk kalınlığını (P<0.05) ve sarı rengini (P<0.01) olumsuz etkilemiştir. Serum kalsiyum (P<0.05), magnezyum (P<0.05) seviyeleri ile kemik fosfor (P<0.05) ve magnezyum (P<0.01