The versatility of nanomedicines allows for various modifications of material type, size, charge and functionalization, offering a promising platform for biomedical applications including tumor targeting. One such material, silk fibroin (SF) has emerged, displaying an excellent combination of mechanical and biological properties characterized by its high tensile and breaking strength, elongation, stiffness and ductility. High stability allows SF to maintain its chemical structure even at high temperatures (around 250°C) and compared with other biological polymers like polylactide (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and collagen, SF shows excellent biocompatibility and lower immunogenic response making it a very suitable material for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Here we describe the structure, synthesis and properties of SF nanoparticles. We evaluate its emergence as a multi-functional polymer for its utility as a nanocarrier to deliver cancer therapies directly to tumors together with considerations for its clinical use.