One of the most important reasons for the frequent occurrence of rainwater flooding in Baghdad in general and Al-Huryai, part of Baghdad, in particular is the lack of runoff drainage systems in conventional pavement. Incidents of flooding have occurred on an average three times per year in many parts of the town due to heavy rain of high intensity and short duration. Using permeable pavement will help to control flooding and improve public health. The objective of this study is to investigate the important factors that describe the possible implementation of permeable pavement in Al-Huryai city using PCSWMM software and to quantify the effectiveness of this technique on the hydrologic response of the case study by comparing the simulation analyses of the site under its undeveloped condition, after development, and after implementing permeable pavement. The simulation results showed that permeable pavement approach has a significant impact on runoff reduction.

In this study, a computerized mathematical method represented by Monte Carlo simulation was used to predict the travel time of the groundwater flow in the Iraqi western desert. During the run of the simulations, all the hydraulic parameters of Darcy's Law were fixed but the hydraulic conductivity. The input data of the hydraulic conductivity is compared to the triangular distribution function to find the best number of iteration to run the simulations. The results showed that an iteration number of 5000 was enough to achieve best match between the input data of the hydraulic conductivity and the fitted distribution function. In addition, the estimated travel time of the groundwater flow is broadly varied through the entire area and ranges from 1983 years to 113 741 years based on 10 000 m of travel distance. Furthermore, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer has high impact on the estimated travel time of the groundwater flow. However, head difference of groundwater elevation among the selected wells considerably influences the expected travel time of the groundwater flow.

No abstract

One way to save water is rainwater harvesting (RWH). For highly urbanized areas, the advantages of RWH include not only collecting water but also mitigating the negative impacts of stormwater runoff on receiving water bodies. In this research, the use of RWH is investigated along with Permeable Pavement to reduce runoff volume and peak flow in Al-Huryai city, a small watershed in central Baghdad, Iraq as a case study using a Personalized Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM). The simulation results showed that RWH has a significant impact on runoff reduction when compiled with Al-Huryai-PP scenario. The peak flow rates for Al-Huryai as-is scenario and Al-Huryai-PP+RWH scenario were 0.004 m3/s and 0.0038 respectively. Thus, the predevelopment conditions were met and flooding was controlled.

Kriging, a geostatistical technique, has been used for many years to evaluate groundwater quality. The best estimation data for unsampled points were determined by using this method depending on measured variables for an area. The groundwater contaminants assessment worldwide was found through many kriging methods. The present paper shows a review of the most known methods of kriging that were used in estimating and mapping the groundwater quality. Indicator kriging, simple kriging, cokriging, ordinary kriging, disjunctive kriging and lognormal kriging are the most used techniques. In addition, the concept of the disjunctive kriging method was explained in this work to be easily understood.