The efficiency of treatment was eliminated based on residual concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Removal percentage of ammonia in case of using H2O2 increased in a concentration of 30%. the removal of organic pollutants recorded high efficiency of removal in 14.28 and 10.71% for east El-Burullus and Damru drains, respectively. KMnO4 gave better results which, the maximum ammonia removal was 66.59 % for 0.2 g/L of KMnO4 in Hokx site, whereas COD removal was 34.48 % at 0.1of KMnO4 in Hokx site. Acidic conditions (pH 3) demonstrated conducive to the removal of all factors for both oxidants with the exclusion of COD removal in Burullus east that displayed a high removal at pH 5. The reduction of NH4-N at pH 3 for both KMnO4 and H2O2, with 76.74%, 93.76%, 92.03 % for Burullus east, Damro and Hokx sites, respectively. whereas the higher percentage removal in COD was 23.07% and 8.97% for both Damro and Hokx sites at PH 3, while in Burullus east was 22.22% at pH 5. Furthermore, Fe 2+ /H2O2 (Fenton's reagent) was run in the batch process with various doss. Under the optimal parameters, the removal efficiency of COD was achieved 58. 69 % and 12.60 % for both Burullus east and Damro, respectively at Fe 2+ =0.4 g/L, pH= 3 and contact time of 120 min. The NH4-N and COD removal performance of KMnO4 was well compared with H2O2. Finally, remediation needn't extra pH adjustment which it is simple operation and low capital cost.

Coastal ecosystems are characterized by high content of soil carbon storage; however, they experience severe land conversions in the past decades. The current study aims to examine how different land use/land cover (LU/LC) impact carbon stock in coastal ecosystem along Jazan coast, Saudi Arabia. In this study, impacts of LU/LC on carbon stocks in the coastal zone of Jazan, Saudi Arabia in 2009, 2013, and 2021 were assessed. Also, the LU/LC dynamics were evaluated using data provided by the land use dynamic model. The carbon stocks were modelled based on LU/LC using the InVEST program. Our study results showed that the decrease in mangroves from 2013 to 2021 reflects the high atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Also, the increase in built-up areas might negatively impact total carbon stock. The estimated carbon stocks for the coastal zone of Jazan biome were 7279027.42 Mg C in 2009 (1Mg = 106 g). It decreased to 2827817.84 Mg C in 2013, with a total loss of –4450675.40 Mg C, and an average of annual loss of –1112669 Mg C in the study period with net value of –461240790.53 US$. On the other hand, the total estimated carbon stock was increased from 2013 to 2021 with a 3772968.31 Mg C in 2021 (a total gain 944840.87 Mg C). This study area should receive new public policies focusing on the recovery and conservation of environmental quality and climate change mitigation, by considering the socioeconomic and environmental importance of that basin in the national context.

The efficiency of treatment was eliminated based on residual concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Removal percentage of ammonia in case of using H2O2 increased in a concentration of 30%. the removal of organic pollutants recorded high efficiency of removal in 14.28 and 10.71% for east El-Burullus and Damru drains, respectively. KMnO4 gave better results which, the maximum ammonia removal was 66.59 % for 0.2 g/L of KMnO4 in Hokx site, whereas COD removal was 34.48 % at 0.1of KMnO4 in Hokx site. Acidic conditions (pH 3) demonstrated conducive to the removal of all factors for both oxidants with the exclusion of COD removal in Burullus east that displayed a high removal at pH 5. The reduction of NH4-N at pH 3 for both KMnO4 and H2O2, with 76.74%, 93.76%, 92.03 % for Burullus east, Damro and Hokx sites, respectively. whereas the higher percentage removal in COD was 23.07% and 8.97% for both Damro and Hokx sites at PH 3, while in Burullus east was 22.22% at pH 5. Furthermore, Fe 2+ /H2O2 (Fenton's reagent) was run in the batch process with various doss. Under the optimal parameters, the removal efficiency of COD was achieved 58. 69 % and 12.60 % for both Burullus east and Damro, respectively at Fe 2+ =0.4 g/L, pH= 3 and contact time of 120 min. The NH4-N and COD removal performance of KMnO4 was well compared with H2O2. Finally, remediation needn't extra pH adjustment which it is simple operation and low capital cost.

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