Intellectual capital has emerged as an indispensable element for enhancing productivity and sustaining performance of organizations in this knowledge-based economy. In the healthcare industry, intellectual capital forms the basis for continuing innovation and subsequent performance. Hence, the management of hospitals needs sound intellectual capital management in order to ensure sustainability. Moreover, the activities of hospitals generally depend more on intangible resources such as clinical skills, knowledge, expertise, experiences, competencies, doctor-patient relation, doctors' and hospital's reputation rather than physical resources like physical assets. For this study, Malaysian private hospitals were selected as sample to investigate how hospitals extract the value of their intangible capital. This study aims at providing empirical evidence on the intellectual capital management practices in Malaysian private hospitals. Data was collected from a series of interviews with representatives from five private hospitals in Malaysia. Cross-case study analysis was carried out in analysing the data collected to develop patterns found in the evidence. The study reveals that the intellectual capital management in hospital industry is quite unique especially in the human capital management and the relational capital management. For human capital management, clinical staffs' competencies are crucial. Interestingly, the study found that physicians are often not the direct employees of the hospitals. This leads to a unique relationship between the hospital and the physicians. Meanwhile for the relational capital management, this study also reveals that the unique relationship that exists between the physicians and patients leads to the structural capital of the hospitals which may influence the hospitals' reputations and good names.

Research has proven that success at universities depends on their intellectual capital. Intellectual capital is an intangible asset that supports an organization's growth and advancement. The research aims to investigate the role and relationship of intellectual capital on the performance and efficiency of Malaysian public universities. The education sector, particularly public universities, was chosen due to its roles in building society and the development of human capital in the knowledge-intensive economy. The current study applies three components of intellectual capital, namely human capital, structural capital, and relational capital as the independent variables, while university performance is the dependent variable. Structured questionnaires were distributed to management teams of public universities in Malaysia. With the application of SPSS, the results demonstrate that all three components have a significant effect on the university's performance. Among the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard which is the measurement of performance, intellectual capital was found to be most significant to the internal processes at the university. In dealing with the crucial issues faced in the current era, it is recommended that the university strategize its investment in intellectual capital to strengthen its performance. A model to measure intellectual capital in universities is crucial to ensure quality services are provided to the various stakeholders inclusive of the students, policymakers, and the taxpayers.

Effectiveness in managing knowledge asset is essential to improve the quality services and to enhance performance. The purpose of this study is to explore on how hospitals extracting the value of their knowledge assets in order to sustain and be competitive by considering leadership styles factors. The data collection was carried out by survey. Questionnaires were distributed to all top management team of private hospitals in Malaysia. From the survey, the results indicate that transformational leadership styles are significantly related to the knowledge assets element. This suggests that some hospitals might use the characteristics of transformational leadership styles such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration to enhance knowledge assets management. The findings might also assist the regulators and managers of the hospitals to formulate strategies in enhancing governance of knowledge assets.

This study investigates intellectual capital (IC) disclosure in Malaysian public listed companies. Specifically, this research examines the relationship between IC disclosure and companies' profitability, productivity, and firm size. We measure the IC disclosure using the IC disclosure index and I C disclosure frequency. The sample includes 255 firm-year observations from 2006-2008. The results from our content analysis confirm those of prior research that the IC disclosure has been increasing over time. The study finds that human capital is the most reported intellectual capital disclosure. In addition, we also find that firm size positively contribute to the disclosure of IC. The result of this study added to the body of literature by providing evidence on the relationship between IC disclosure and firms' characteristics.