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Introduction: Fluoroscopes are commonly used in PCNL worldwide. While ultrasound is used for screening and localization of renal stones, its role in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is underutilized. Objective:  To compare the operative outcome, postoperative outcome and complications of ultrasound versus fluoroscopy guided PCNL. Results: The study was performed from 1st April, 2018 to 30th Sept, 2021.  A total of 305 patients were enrolled in the study, with 122 cases performed under ultrasound (UG-PCNL) and 183 under fluoroscopy guidance (FG-PCNL). In the ultrasound group, the mean age was 48.65 ± 12.11 years. 45 were females and 77 were males with a mean stone burden of 754.33 ± 241.22 mm2, with the majority of renal units demonstrating moderate to gross hydronephrosis. While in the fluoroscopy group 81 were females and 102 were males with a mean age 46.28 ± 12.65 years and mean stone size of 763.54 ± 288.97mm2. Partial staghorn stones were found in approximately 25.4% in UG-PCNL while 34.4% in FG-PCNL group. Preoperative parameters including age, sex,  stone laterality, stone location, stone size, and severity of hydronephrosis did not differ between each group.There was no significant difference in successful tract creation, stone clearance, operation time , hospital stay, complications and ancillary procedure between UG-PCNL and FG-PCNL. Compared to fluoroscopy, ultrasonography had shorter puncture time, higher success rate of first puncture, shorter tract dilatation time, lesser drop in hemoglobin and lesser blood transfusion requirement. Conclusion: Ultrasound is a safe alternative to fluoroscopy for successful percutaneous renal access and dilatation with similar stone clearance to that of fluoroscopy. The advantages of ultrasonography over fluoroscopy include shorter puncture time, higher success rate of first puncture, lower blood loss, and lower complications. It also avoids radiation exposure and use of contrast media.

A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-1) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 increased pods plant-1, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-1, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-1 phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 and 130 kg ha-1, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of renal colic attacks due to renal stone and its relationship withclimate during different months of the year.MATERIAL AND MONTHS: This prospective study was conducted on patients with renal colicsecondary to stones, who were admitted in the Institute of Kidney Diseases Hayatabad Peshawar betweenOctober 2010 & September 2013.RESULTS: This study included 980 patients, 765 (78.06%) were male and 215 (21.93%) were female.Themean age of the patients was ( 33.1± 9.8years). Majority of the patients 807(82.4%) were under 40 years ofage. Renal colic was more common in summer months like June 118 (12%), July 111 (11.3%) August 109(11.1%) and September 88 (9%) respectively. The lowest no of admission was in February 40 (4.1%),January43 (4.4%), and March 45 (4.6%). It shows that the mean admission of the year due to renal colicsecondary to stone was significantly different from mean admission of the warmer months 578 patients(59%) in comparison to winter month 402 patients (41%). It shows that there was 18% increased incidenceof renal colic visits in the warmer months of June, July and august compared with the colder months ofDecember,January and February.CONCLUSION: The renal colic visit was more in the summer and highest in the month of June, July,August and declining start from September onward and lowest in February. We found a strong positivecorrelation between ambient temperature and renal colic visits.

Objective To assess the frequency of lymphocele and its management in patients with live renal transplant. Introduction Renal transplant is the treatment of choice for patient with ESRD. Although it improve quality and increase life expectancy but it is not without major and minor complications one of that complication is lymphocele that cause that cause severe morbidity and even graft dysfunction. We conducted this study to find the frequency of lymphocele in patients undergoing renal transplant. Material and Methods This is a retrospective study conducted in the Institute of Kidney Diseases and Transplant. The files of all those patients were analyzed who underwent live donor renal transplant from Jan 2015 to July 2020. The demographic and all relevant data were entered in a proforma. For analysis we entered data in   SPSS  version .   Results From Jan 2015 to July 2020 42 renal transplants were performed.  Male patients were 32 (76 %) and female were 10 (23.8%) ratios male to female 3.2 to 1.  Mean age 37.5 years (range 50 to 25 years).  Of these 5 (11.9%) patients developed lymphocele 3 patients (7.1%) developed mild lymphocele without any renal dysfunction that treated conservatively while two (4.7%)  presented with  hydronephrosis and renal  dysfunction one of this  respond to percutaneous aspiration and tetracycline installation while one  after failed  response to percutaneous aspiration and sclerotherapy  treated by laparoscopic interaperitoneal drainage. Conclusion Lymphocele is one of the common cause of renal transplantation that respond to different treatment modalities range from conservative to minimally invasive or major intervention  in the form of open surgical technique or laparoscopic intervention.