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This study employed descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to examine the influence of stress on smartphone addiction as well as the mediating effects of self-control, neuroticism, and extraversion using 400 men and women in their 20s to 40s followed by structural equation analysis. Our findings indicate that stress had a significant influence on smartphone addiction, and self-control mediates the influence of stress on smartphone addiction. As stress increases, self-control decreases, which subsequently leads to increased smartphone addiction. Self-control was confirmed as an important factor in the prevention of smartphone addiction. Finally, among personality factors, neuroticism, and extraversion mediate the influence of stress on smartphone addiction.

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Abstract. This study investigated the effects of genetic polymorphisms in organic cation transporter (OCT) genes, such as OCT1-3, OCTN1, MATE1, and MATE2-K, on metformin pharmacokinetics. Of particular interest was the influence of genetic polymorphisms as covariates on the variability in the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of metformin using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM). In a retrospective data analysis, data on subjects from five independent metformin bioequivalence studies that used the same protocol were assembled and compared with 96 healthy control subjects who were administered a single oral 500 mg dose of metformin. Genetic polymorphisms of OCT2-808 G>T and OCTN1-917C>T had a significant (P<0.05) effect on metformin pharmacokinetics, yielding a higher peak concentration with a larger area under the serum time-concentration curve. The values obtained were 102± 34.5 L/h for apparent oral clearance (CL/F), 447±214 L for volume of distribution (V d /F), and 3.1±0.9 h for terminal half-life (mean±SD) by non-compartmental analysis. The NONMEM method gives similar results. The metformin serum levels were obtained by setting the one-compartment model to a first-order absorption and lag time. In the PPK model, the effects of OCT2-808 G>T and OCTN1-917C>T variants on the CL/F were significant (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Thus, genetic variants of OCTN1-917C>T, along with OCT2-808 G>T genetic polymorphisms, could be useful in titrating the optimal metformin dose.