To post or not to post photographs of children? Is it worth commenting on potentially controversial topics such as vaccinations and breastfeeding in a public forum or even a private group? Facebook offers mothers of young children a range of affordances that were unimaginable in a pre–social networking site (SNS) era, but at the same time presents a new set of dilemmas surrounding parenting in the digital domain. The SNS activity of parents brings the lives of children into online spaces in a way that builds community and social capital, but at the same time creates ethical tensions and raises a series of contemporary quandaries. Drawing upon data from a mixed-methods study, including an online survey of 117 mothers and semi-structured interviews with 17, this article examines Australian mothers’ complex concerns around Facebook and the often-uneasy balance between the need for privacy and the benefits of openness, especially in relation to sharing information about children. The findings show that while issues around privacy were one of the most commonly cited downsides to Facebook use, mothers are becoming increasingly adept at negotiating ways to protect their privacy while enjoying the benefits of openness. These negotiation tactics demonstrate a strong awareness in mothers of young children of the social–political implications of parenting in the digital domain.
143 AmeriCorps volunteers (30 men; 113 women) and 127 college student volunteers (43 men; 84 women) completed the Volunteer Functions Inventory to assess whether monetary compensation was associated with choice to volunteer to provide educational services, e.g., tutoring, mentoring. Based on Snyder's 1993 theory of functionalism, motives of paid (AmeriCorps participants) and nonpaid (college students) volunteers were expected to differ. It was also predicted that the motives of female and male volunteers would differ. Multivariate analysis of variance confirmed these assumptions. In general, paid male participants reported perceiving numerous benefits associated with volunteering and reported stronger beliefs about such benefits. Female participants reported motives for volunteering, in contrast, which were not linked with monetary compensation. The women reported recognizing the benefits of volunteering and engaging in this activity for egoistic reasons. Their reported motives had little relation to compensation.
Water retention by coarse fragments in the soil is often ignored in agronomic and water balance studies. Following the calculation of inexplicably high water retention by the fine earth fraction, water contents at −20 and −1500 kPa and apparent bulk density were determined for remnant pisolithic ironstone gravel samples isolated from soils on the Dundas Tableland in southeast Australia. The volumetric water content of the ironstone gravel at −1500 kPa was found to vary between 0.12 and 0.24 m3 m−3, while at −20 kPa it varied between 0.16 and 0.36 m3 m−3 Available water holding capacity (AWHC) of the ironstone gravel varied between 0.03 and 0.15 m3 m−3 Both the AWHC and the water content at −1500 kPa of the ironstone gravel showed significant increases with depth. Magnetic ironstone gravel, found almost exclusively in the A and E horizons, was much denser than nonmagnetic ironstone gravel (average 3.38 vs. 2.64 Mg m−3), but had similar water retention characteristics. Ignoring the water retention characteristics of the ironstone gravel would have led to overestimation of the AWHC of the bulk soil by a factor 1.08 to 1.67 for various horizons. For the combined top 1.0 m of the soil, ignoring the water held by the ironstone gravel would have led to an estimated AWHC of 162 mm, while in fact it was only 129 mm. Water balance studies of soils with ironstone gravel clearly need to take into account the water holding characteristics of that gravel.
The poor health of Indigenous Australians is well established. However, the health of residents of one remote community in the Northern Territory of Australia called Utopia has been found recently to be much better than expected. In this article, we draw on historical anthropological research to explain this finding. We trace how cultural and social structures were maintained through changing eras of government policy from the 1930s, and show how these structures strengthened psychosocial determinants of health. We argue that the mainstream psychosocial determinants of social cohesion and self-efficacy are usefully reconceptualized in an Indigenous context as connectedness to culture and land, and collective efficacy, respectively. Continuity of cultural and social structures into the 1940s was facilitated by a combination of factors including the relatively late colonial occupation, the intercultural practices typical of the pastoral industry, the absence of a mission or government settlement, and the individual personalities and histories of those connected to Utopia.
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