IMPORTANCE Contact tracing is a multistep process to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Gaps in the process result in missed opportunities to prevent COVID-19.OBJECTIVE To quantify proportions of cases and their contacts reached by public health authorities and the amount of time needed to reach them and to compare the risk of a positive COVID-19 test result between contacts and the general public during 4-week assessment periods.

Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) was reported in association with the COVID-19 pandemic. MIS-A was included in the list of adverse events to be monitored as part of the emergency use authorizations issued for COVID-19 vaccines. Methods Reports of MIS-A patients received by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) after COVID-19 vaccines became available were assessed. Data collected on the patients included clinical and demographic characteristics and their vaccine status. The Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) was also reviewed for possible cases of MIS-A. Results From December 14, 2020 to April 30, 2021, 20 patients who met the case definition for MIS-A were reported to CDC. Their median age was 35 years (range, 21-66 years), and 13 (65%) were male. Overall, 16 (80%) patients had a preceding COVID-19-like illness a median of 26 days (range 11-78 days) before MIS-A onset. All 20 patients had laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Seven MIS-A patients (35%) received COVID-19 vaccine a median of 10 days (range, 6-45 days) before MIS-A onset; 3 patients received a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine 4, 17, and 22 days before MIS-A onset. Patients with MIS-A predominantly had gastrointestinal and cardiac manifestations and hypotension or shock. Conclusions Although 7 patients were reported to have received COVID-19 vaccine, all had evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the widespread use of COVID-19 vaccines, the lack of reporting of MIS-A associated with vaccination alone, without evidence of underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection, is reassuring.

Objective This study assessed the effect of obesity on metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with sustained virologic suppression. Design Observational, comparative cohort study with three group-matched arms: 35 non-obese and 35 obese HIV-infected persons on efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine with plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml for >2 years, and 30 obese HIV-uninfected controls. Subjects did not have diabetes or known cardiovascular disease. Methods We compared glucose tolerance, serum lipids, brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and soluble inflammatory and vascular adhesion markers between non-obese and obese HIV-infected subjects, and between obese HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects, using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and multivariate linear regression. Results The cohort was 52% male and 48% non-white. Non-obese and obese HIV-infected subjects did not differ by clinical or demographic characteristics. HIV-uninfected obese controls were younger than obese HIV-infected subjects and less likely to smoke (p≤0.03 for both). Among HIV-infected subjects, obesity was associated with greater insulin release, lower insulin sensitivity, and higher serum hsCRP, IL-6, and TNF-α receptor 1 levels (p<0.001), but similar lipid profiles, sCD14, sCD163, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and cIMT and FMD. In contrast, HIV-infected subjects had adverse lipid changes, and greater circulating ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and sCD14, compared to HIV-uninfected controls after adjusting for age and other factors. Conclusions Obesity impairs glucose metabolism and contributes to circulating hsCRP, IL-6, and TNF-α receptor 1 levels, but has few additive effects on dyslipidemia and endothelial activation, in HIV-infected adults on long-term ART.