We present the first results from our HST Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) survey of seven central supergiant cluster galaxies and their globular cluster (GC) systems. We measure a total of 48000 GCs in all seven galaxies, representing the largest single GC database. We find that a log-normal shape accurately matches the observed the luminosity function (LF) of the GCs down to the GCLF turnover point, which is near our photometric limit. In addition, the LF has a virtually identical shape in all seven galaxies. Our data underscore the similarity in the formation mechanism of massive star clusters in diverse galactic environments. At the highest luminosities (log L 10 7 L ⊙ ) we find small numbers of "superluminous" objects in five of the galaxies; their luminosity and color ranges are at least partly consistent with those of UCDs (Ultra-Compact Dwarfs). Lastly, we find preliminary evidence that in the outer halo (R 20 kpc), the LF turnover point shows a weak dependence on projected distance, scaling as L 0 ∼ R −0.2 , while the LF dispersion remains nearly constant.

Objectives: The eICU Collaborative Research Database is a publicly available repository of granular data from more than 200,000 ICU admissions. The quantity and variety of its entries hold promise for observational critical care research. We sought to understand better the data available within this resource to guide its future use. Design: We conducted a descriptive analysis of the eICU Collaborative Research Database, including patient, practitioner, and hospital characteristics. We investigated the completeness of demographic and hospital data, as well as those values required to calculate an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score. We also assessed the rates of ventilation, intubation, and dialysis, and looked for potential errors in the vital sign data. Setting: American ICUs that participated in the Philips Healthcare eICU program between 2014 and 2015. Patients: A total of 139,367 individuals who were admitted to one of the 335 participating ICUs between 2014 and 2015. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Most encounters were from small- and medium-sized hospitals, and managed by nonintensivists. The median ICU length of stay was 1.57 days (interquartile range, 0.82–2.97 d). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV-predicted ICU mortality was 2.2%, with an observed mortality of 5.4%. Rates of ventilation (20–33%), intubation (15–24%), and dialysis (3–5%) varied according to the query method used. Most vital sign readings fell into realistic ranges, with manually curated data less likely to contain implausible results than automatically entered data. Conclusions: Data in the eICU Collaborative Research Database are for the most part complete and plausible. Some ambiguity exists in determining which encounters are associated with various interventions, most notably mechanical ventilation. Caution is warranted in extrapolating findings from the eICU Collaborative Research Database to larger ICUs with higher acuity.

Background There remains a paucity of evidence for curricula for the transition to practice (TTP) stage of Competence by Design internal medicine (IM) training programs. Current entrustable professional activities are based on expert consensus rather than robust subspecialty-specific needs assessment. Methods A scoping review was completed to identify studies with TTP focus. A national survey was conducted to identify transition experiences for general internal medicine physicians. Results were assessed by grounded theory analysis to identify core topics for TTP curricula. Results Neither scoping review nor national survey identified TTP topics related to the CanMEDS Medical Expert role. Scoping Review: 41 relevant studies were identified. Most (97.6%) were from North America. The most common study types were observational (survey) or curriculum (13/41 31.7% for each). Only two studies were exclusively in IM, and the most common subspecialty studied was surgical (13/41, 31.7%). The most common TTP topics were mentorship, billing and coding, practice management, negotiating contract and job, and financial aspects of practice. National Survey: There were 44 respondents, with the majority (25/44, 56.8%) having completed an IM subspecialty fellowship. Most (38/44) completed medical school in Canada, and most were from academic practice settings (33/44, 75.0%). The most common TTP topics were billing and coding, personal financial planning, practice management, work-life balance and mentorship. Grounded Theory Analysis: There were six themes that encompassed all TTP topics from the scoping review and national survey, being (i) building a career, (ii) continuing professional development, (iii) expectations of the profession, (iv) practice management, (v) Life, health and well-being and (vi) clinical skills. Curriculum competencies and resources for curriculum development were provided. Conclusions This study identifies topics critical for curricula development for IM transition to practice. Further research is required to evaluate effectiveness of curricula including topics and themes developed from this scoping review and national survey.

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