The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, also known as the red spider, is one of the most harmful pests in agriculture and causes large losses of many crops. These mites have rapidly developed a resistance to many chemical pesticides in recent years. In this study, the essential oil of seeds of the anise plant (Pimpinella anisum) was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition of the oil was analyzed. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was determined by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The acaricidal activity of the anise oil, a natural acaricide, was evaluated for its ability to protect green bean plants from mite injury. The two-spotted spiders were spread on green bean seedlings for 1 week; then, different plants were sprayed with different concentrations of anise oil (10, 20, 30, or 40 µL/L). Our results revealed that anethole was the major component of anise oil, at 53.23%. The acaricidal effect of the various concentrations on T. urticae was recorded after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. Our findings suggest that anise oil showed significant acaricidal activity against T. urticae in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Anise oil at a concentration of 40 µL/L killed 96.0% of the red spiders after 72 h. Also, all concentrations of anise oil inhibited acetylcholinesterase, and the spiders’ protease activity declined when the plants were treated with 30 or 40 µL/L of anise oil. The concentrations of 10 and 20 µL/L did not significantly affect the protease activity of T. urticae mites. We can conclude that anise oil exhibited acaricidal activity against T. urticae and that this was highly correlated with the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and protease activities in the mites.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of three bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Lysinibacillus spaericus against adult females of Tetranychus urticae Koch using spraying and dipping techniques with concentrations (10 1 , 10 3 , 10 5 , 10 7 cfu. ml -1 ). The mortality percentages were calculated and numbers of each stages resulting from the live treated females were recorded. The symptoms that appear on treated female's mites as a result of death under laboratory conditions were recorded and photographed. The results revealed that, P. aeruginosa caused the highest mortality percentage of adult females T. urticae 100% after 72h at concentration 10 7 cfu. ml -1 by spraying application. Whereas the mortality percentage were recorded by the dipping technique was 54.58±1.71. B. subtilis also, was recorded increased the average mortality percentage of female T. urticae as it reached 73.33±2.67 in spraying technique compared 41.25±2.08 in dipping technique. While in L. spaericus recorded 62.08±3.41 mortality (%) in spraying technique but at dipping technique the mortality was 27.50±1.61. A sharp decrease was shown in number of stages resulting from lived treated females of T. urticae with P. aeruginosa by four concentrations 10 1 , 10 3, 10 5 and 10 7 by using spraying technique and the life cy-

Toxicity of insecticide pyrethroid (Lambada) and carbamate (Methomyl) against, different immature stages (two, four, six and eight weeks age) and adult stage of Eobania vermiculata and Helicella vestalis by feeding using leaf dipping technique for seven days under laboratory conditions. The characteristics of the obtained toxicity lines were taken as a criterion for the comparison between the efficacy of estimated insecticides. The immature stages proved to be more susceptible to the toxic action of both tested insecticides than the adult stage of the two tested terrestrial snails. There is a revese relationship between stages of two species and toxicity of tested insecticides. On the other hand, data revealed that the H. vestalis was more sensitive to the tested insecticides; Lambada and methomyl than E. vermiculata. Also data indicated that Methomyl proved to be more effective as molluscicide than Lambada for the two investigated terrestrial snails.

<p>Supplementary materials and methods</p>

Nanotechnology takes a significant position to control pests. Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) is considered one of the best alternates to chemical pesticides for plant crop protection from harmful arthropods such as phytophagous mites, Tetranychus urticae. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of (SiO2-NPs) to control T. urticae. Under greenhouse conditions, the results revealed, in larval stage, high mortality percentage (99.05±0.83%) followed by eggs (98.74±1.22%). Also, nymph stage recorded high mortality (94.66±1.81%) at high concentration 1500 ppm. While the adult females of T. urticae recorded mortality 91.92±1.02% after 72h. Eventually, the immature stages of T. urticae were susceptible to (SiO2-NPs). Meanwhile, at laboratory evaluation on immature stages of T. urticae which resulted from live treated females during 96h showed a sharp decrease in average numbers of eggs through 96h, at 1000 and 1500 ppm. No numbers of the larval stage were recorded at 1500 ppm. No numbers of nymph stage were recorded at all concentrations and periods. Moreover, activity of AChE was significantly inhibited at 1500 ppm, while activity of glutathione-Stransferase was significantly increased after 72 h. Finally, (SiO2-NPs) are effective against immature stages of T. urticae under greenhouse and laboratory conditions.