Introduction:Lower respiratory tract infection is considered one of the major public health problems in many developing countries among under five children. The correct positioning will help to reduce the breathing difficulty to some extent. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the effect of prone versus lateral position on respiratory status among children with lower respiratory tract infections. Subjects and method: Design: A quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study. Setting: the study was conducted in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Sohag University Hospital. Subjects: A non-probability purposive sampling technique was adopted to select 100 children with lower respiratory tract infections from the previous setting who were assigned into two groups, with 50 children in each group. Prone position was given to group 1 and lateral position was given to group 2. Tools: Tool (1) Children assessment sheet and Tool (2) Children respiratory status assessment sheet. Results: The result of the study revealed that in group-1 and group-2, the significance of the difference between the mean pre-observation and post-observation respiratory status score was statistically and was found to be highly significant at 0.05 level. The result shows that the respiratory status had no significant association with their variables. The values of heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation improved significantly among children in the prone position than in the lateral positions after the intervention. Conclusion: The current study results concluded that prone and lateral positions were effective in improving the respiratory status of children under five years old with lower respiratory tract infections. The study findings also depicted that the prone position was more effective than the lateral position. Recommendations: Prone position is recommended and could be used in the routine care of children with lower respiratory tract infections as a simple and applicable strategy to improve the respiratory status.

Objective: To determine the effect of flippits versus virtual reality on pain, fear and satisfaction among children during phlebotomy.Method: The quasi-experiential study was conducted at the Paediatric Medical Department of Kafrelsheikh University Hospital, Egypt, from November 2021 to April 2022, and comprised children of either gender aged 6-12 years. The subjects were randomised into flippits group A, virtual reality group B and control group C in which only traditional care was provided. Data was collected using a structured interview, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, Children’s Fear Scale, and Blood Specimen Collection Satisfaction Evaluation Scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.Results: Of the 120 children, 40(33.3%) were in each of the three groups. There were 21(52.5%) boys and 19(47.5%) girls in group A with mean age 8.2±1.6 years, 22(55%) boys and 18(45%) girls in group B with mean age 7.8±1.7 years, and 27(67.5%) boys and 13(32.5%) girls in group C with mean age 7.9±1.9 years (p>0.05). Mean pain and fear scores were significantly lower and mean satisfaction score was higher in groups A and B than group C (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean pain scores of group A and group B (p>0.05).Conclusion: Flippits and virtual reality interventions had a positive effect on pain, fear and satisfaction levels in children during phlebotomy. Keywords: Phlebotomy, Pain, Fippits, Fear, Children

In the fight against COVID-19, the majority of the population around the world had to stay in their homes in addition workplaces, schools, shops, and restaurants were shut down. Home confinement and social distancing strategies resulted in parenting stress and changes in children's behaviors during the covid pandemic. Aim: assess the impact of home confinement due to COVID-19 outbreaks on stress levels and coping patterns of mothers and their children's behaviors. Method and design: a descriptive research design was carried out at the maternal and child health center at Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt, on (194) mothers and their accompanied children (194). An interview questionnaire sheet was used to collect data about the characteristics of mothers and their children. As well as, mothers' stress levels and coping patterns and children's behaviors due to home confinement created by COVID-19 outbreaks. Results: more than two-thirds of the mothers had a high-stress level and the most common stressors that mothers faced were psychological. In addition, about two-thirds of the mothers had a low coping level toward their stressors and affective-oriented coping was used by mothers more than problem-oriented coping. Also, most of the children had abnormal moods and behavior. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between mothers' work, family income, total stressors facing them, and total coping scores. Conclusion: home confinement created by COVID-19 outbreaks has a negative effect on mothers' stress levels and children's behavior. Recommendation: educational interventions for families and children to enable them to cope and adjust to emergency health hazards.

Background: Children are extremely vulnerable to scalds injury, so empowering mothers regarding scalds injury make them able to play an important role in targeting interventions to those at greatest risk. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of mothers' empowerment program on knowledge, practices, and attitude toward their children scalds injury. Research design: A quasi-experimental research (one group pre/post test) design was used. Setting: Maternal and Child Health Center in Kafrelsheik city and the Pediatric Outpatient Clinics at Kafrelsheik general hospital. Sample: A convenient sample of 113 mothers were participated in the study. Tools: Two tools were uesed in data collection, first tool, structured interviewing questionnaire consisted of mothers' demographic characteristics, mothers' knowledge about scalds injuries, mothers' reported Practices. Second tools, mothers' attitudes toward scalds injury. Results: Study finding represents that pre program implementation about 6.2% of mothers had a good level of knowledge and improved to 57.5% post-program implementation (P= 0.001), there were highly significant differences between mothers' reported practices, pre & post empowerment program with p <0.001, according to mother' attitude, there were highly significant differences between mothers' attitudes about scalds injury pre /post empowerment program at (<0.001). Conclusion:The current study indicated that, there were highly significant improvement of mothers' knowledge, pracices and attitude post empowerment program. Recommendations: Periodic counseling program should be done for mothers of children about scalds injury prevention at Maternal and Child Centers.