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Human leptospirosis is an infection that most often affects tropical countries. Since 2007, Colombia requires the notification of disease cases, enabling the observation of an increase in cases in recent years. The objectives of this article were to analyze environmental and socioeconomic variables and to evaluate their relationship with human leptospirosis cases. This is an ecological study on human leptospirosis cases aggregated by municipality and reported between 2007 and 2016. Spatial aggregation assessment was made using the Getis-Ord Gi method, and negative binomial regression was used to evaluate the relationship between environmental and socioeconomic variables with human leptospirosis. During the study period, 9,928 cases of human leptospirosis were reported, and 58.9% of municipalities reported at least one case. Four hotspots of human leptospirosis, including 18 municipalities, were identified. The results of the negative binomial model confirmed the importance of the effects of education, poverty and some climatic variables on the decadal incidence rate of human leptospirosis. Our results confirm the importance of socioeconomic determinants such as social marginality associated with violence and education, as well as ecological variables such as rainfall, height above sea level and forest coverage on the incidence rate of human leptospirosis at municipal scale.

Our results confirm the importance of environmental determinants, such as height above sea level, and coverage of forest, permanent crops and heterogeneous agricultural zones, for the occurrence of CL; these findings also suggest the importance of shrub coverage. Furthermore, urban functionality was a socio-economic determinant independently associated with CL incidence.

La violencia hacia algunos colectivos de género ha sido un fenómeno que en los últimos años se ha visibilizado en América Latina, no obstante, y a diferencia de los países desarrollados, la región no dispone de estudios sobre esta realidad e instrumentos para atenderla. En consecuencia, el objetivo del presente artículo es hallar los determinantes de la violencia física en Ecuador a través de una encuesta amplia de colectivos de lesbianas, gais, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT). Los resultados muestran que un 50% de los encuestados han sido agredidos, siendo los transexuales con bajo nivel educativo los más afectados. Igualmente, el análisis cuantitativo encuentra diferencias entre regiones, etnias y grupo de referencia (homosexuales, bisexuales, transexuales, transgénero), sin embargo, también resalta los avances que ha hecho la sociedad ecuatoriana en este aspecto. Se concluye que las estrategias que sirvan para aumentar la inclusión de la población de todos los géneros dentro de las oportunidades que presente el Estado, contribuirán a la reducción de las tendencias violentas entre grupos.