Introduction: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment with flaxseed oil (FSO) on renal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) injuries in rats. Materials and methods: In this study, 32 Wistar rats were randomly studied in four groups: Co+NS (Control group with normal saline administration), Sh+NS (sham group with normal saline administration), RIR+NS and RIR+FSO. FSO (0.2 ml) was administered orally (gavage) for 14 days (~ 800 mg/kg body weight). Blood samples were collected for the detection of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were evaluated in the renal tissue. Tubular damages were examined using histopathological studies. Results: Significantly elevated MDA (P<0.05) and depressed SOD levels (P<0.05) Comparison between RIR+NS group and Control+NS and Sh+NS groups revealed in the condition of RIR. Treatment with FSO, however, significantly lowered the MDA (P<0.05) and enhanced SOD levels (P<0.05) after RIR injury. Histopathological results confirmed the biochemical studies and tubular necrosis score was reduced in the RIR+FSO group. Conclusion: This study therefore suggests that the aqueous flaxseed oil may be useful agents for the prevention of renal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR)-induced oxidative injury in rats.

The presence of outliers appears as an unavoidable main problem in experimental studies. Outliers can greatly distort parameter estimates and subsequent standard errors. Consequently, inferences about the parameters are misleading. In this case, applying outlier robust statistical procedures should be considered. Robust estimation often relies on a dispersion function that is more slowly varying at large values than the square function. However, the choice of tuning constant in dispersion functions may impact the estimation efficiency to a great extent. The data used in this paper is part of a concentration-response study that shows the contraction of corpus cavernosum induced by phenylephrine in the organ bath. Because of the existence of an outlier to achieve robust estimations, M-estimation method and Huber function as a dispersion function are used. Three different measures for tuning constant were considered. (0.1, 1.5, 4). Based on the negative log likelihood, robust model had the best fit when c=1.5. In addition, because of the presence outlier, the Population Average (PA) in common model considerably underestimates the mean response in the upper asymptote. As result, using Huber function when c=1.5 in the robust model to apply the data was led to these results, cumulative administration of phenylephrine (0.1µM-300µM) caused concentration-dependent contractions in strips of rat corpus cavernosum (-Log EC50 was 5 ± 0.31, 95% CI= 5.92 to 4.21). To estimate parameters of the model because of existence of an outlier in dataset, M-estimation method and Huber function as a dispersion function has been applied. The appropriate choice of tuning constant can be led to accurate results.