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Timely disclosure and identification of concussion symptoms are essential to proper care. Perceived social norms are a potential driving factor in many health-related decisions. The study purpose was to describe concussion disclosure behaviours and identify the association between perceived social norms and these disclosure behaviours. First-year student-athletes (n = 391) at two NCAA institutions completed a cross-sectional survey about concussion disclosure and disclosure determinants. Log-binomial regression models identified factors associated with concussion disclosure behaviour prevalence for: higher intention to disclose symptoms, disclosed all at time of injury, eventually disclosed all, and never participated with concussion symptoms.More favourable perceived social norms were associated with higher prevalence of intention to disclose (PR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.18, 1.53) and higher prevalence of never participating in sports with concussion symptoms (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.07, 2.10). Clinicians, coaches, sports administrators, and healthcare practitioners should be mindful of the need to create supportive social environments to improve concussion symptom disclosure.

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Introduction Social marketing is a promising planning approach for influencing voluntary lifestyle behaviors, but its application to nutrition and physical activity interventions in the early care and education setting remains unknown. Methods Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, PsycInfo, and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health were systematically searched to identify interventions targeting nutrition and/or physical activity behaviors of children enrolled in early care centers between 1994 and 2016. Content analysis methods were used to capture information reflecting eight social marketing benchmark criteria. Results The review included 135 articles representing 77 interventions. Two interventions incorporated all eight benchmark criteria, but the majority included fewer than four. Each intervention included behavior and methods mix criteria, and more than half identified audience segments. Only one-third of interventions incorporated customer orientation, theory, exchange, and insight. Only six interventions addressed competing behaviors. We did not find statistical significance for the effectiveness of interventions on child-level diet, physical activity, or anthropometric outcomes based on the number of benchmark criteria used. Conclusion This review highlights opportunities to apply social marketing to obesity prevention interventions in early care centers. Social marketing could be an important strategy for early childhood obesity prevention efforts, and future research investigations into its effects are warranted.