This study, using 12 train drivers on a high speed track and 11 drivers on a mountain track, tried to differentiate between the physical, emotional, mental, and subjective workload components imposed on the drivers during work. With the simultaneous recording and on-line analysis of heart rate and physical activity, the emotional component in terms of the so-called additional heart rate was separated from the physical component. Mental workload was calculated by the heart rate variability and by shifts in the T-wave amplitude of the ECG. Speed of the train, mode of driving, and stress of the situation were rated by two observers who accompanied the drivers in the cabin. During speeds up to 100 km/h as compared to standstills no heart rate changes occurred, but with speeds from 100 km/h up to 200 km/h heart rate decreased indicating a monotony effect. However, heart rate variability, and T-wave amplitude indicated higher mental load during driving in most speed categories. Starting the train and coming to a halt showed greater emotional workload as compared to moving. Observer ratings of stress and subjective ratings of stress by the drivers revealed several discrepancies. Discrepancies were also seen between workload as indicated by the physiological parameters, and corresponding stress ratings by the observers or by the drivers.

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) workgroup on personality disorders initially proposed several revisions to diagnostic criteria and disorder labels, some of which could have had a direct impact on the perception and sentencing of criminal defendants. The recent publication of the DSM-5 included these revisions in an appendix for future research, indicating that the revised criteria require additional research before implementation. This study examined how the proposed changes, if implemented, might affect jury members' sentencing recommendations and perceptions of the defendant. Participants read vignettes in which diagnostic label (antisocial personality disorder vs. dyssocial personality disorder vs. psychopathy) and crime type (white collar vs. violent crime) were manipulated. Results suggest that participants perceived white collar offenders more negatively than violent offenders, and were generally more influenced by crime type than diagnosis. The diagnostic label was most influential on recidivism ratings and participants' perceptions of violent offenders.

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