MRI of total sodium (Na) content may allow assessment of myocardial viability, but information on Na content in normal myocardium, necrotic/scar tissue, and stunned or hibernating myocardium is lacking. Thus, the aims of the study were to: 1) quantify the temporal changes in myocardial Na content postmyocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model (Protocol 1); 2) compare Na in normally perfused, hibernating, and stunned canine myocardium (Protocol 2); and 3) determine whether, in bufferperfused rat hearts, infarct scar can be differentiated from intact myocardium by 23 Na-MRI (Protocol 3). In Protocol 1, rats were subjected to LAD ligation. Infarct/scar tissue was excised at control and 1, 3, 7, 28, 56, and 128 days post-MI (N ؍ 6 -8 each), Na content was determined by 23 Na-NMR spectroscopy (MRS) and ion chromatography. Na content was persistently increased at all time points post-MI averaging 306*-160*% of control values (*P < 0.0083 vs. control). In Protocol 2, 23 Na-MRS of control (baseline), stunned and hibernating samples revealed no difference in Na. In Protocol 3, 23 Key words: 23 Na NMR; viability; myocardial infarction; hibernating; stunning; 3D-CSI In patients with a large akinetic myocardial region, assessment of myocardial viability is frequently required to decide on further therapy. Specifically, while scarred tissue cannot recover function and does not need revascularization, viable but hibernating myocardium will usually resume contractile function after revascularization with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA) or bypass surgery, whereas viable but stunned myocardium will recover spontaneously over time. Although it is well recognized that preoperative viability assessment is predictive of postoperative prognosis (1), all current methods to assess myocardial viability have intrinsic problems, such as patient discomfort and procedural risk (stress testing with inotropic agents using echocardiography (2) or MRI (3)), dependence on acoustic window (echocardiography), low specificity ( 201 T1-scintigraphy) or limited availability (PET) (4).Experimental 23 Na-MRI was first reported by DeLayre et al. (5) in the isolated heart, and applied in vivo by Ra et al. (6) in humans. 23 Na is among the nuclei offering the potential for the highest spatial MRI resolution due to its high NMR sensitivity and short T 1 , thereby allowing for short pulse repetition times. Considerable evidence indicates that ionic homeostasis is perturbed and tissue Na content is substantially increased during the initial hours, days after myocardial infarction (7-9). However, long-term changes in tissue Na content during postinfarction healing and scar formation have not been reported.We propose that if Na content is persistently and selectively increased in nonviable (i.e., necrotic or scarred) regions of the heart, 23 Na-MRI could provide the basis for distinguishing necrotic/scarred vs. viable myocardium and delineating infarct size. Thus, the purpose of our study was threefold: 1) to quantify temporal chang...
By extrapolating these findings CDAD not only harms patients but generates a yearly cost burden of 464 million € for the German healthcare system including a loss of 197 million € for German hospitals. To the authors' opinion sufficient measures against CDAD should include pre hospital risk reduction programs, introduction of effective therapeutic and hygienic strategies in hospitals as well as improvements in documentation for these cases to support further developments of the German DRG system.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: In der Abrechnungssystematik der Deutschen Krankenh?user (G-DRG-System) sind endoskopische Leistungen weder vollst?ndig noch kostengerecht abgebildet. Hauptursache ist eine Zuordnung der Personalkosten aufgrund veralteter Leistungskataloge sowie das Fehlen einer verpflichtenden Zeiterfassung der Personalbindung. Methodik: Zur Erstellung eines zeitgem??en Leistungskatalogs wurden der DGVS von 50 Kalkulationskrankenh?usern des Instituts f?r das Entgeltsystem im Krankenhaus (InEK) die kompletten gastroenterologischen Kostendatens?tze (2011???2013; ??21,4 KHEntgG) anonymisiert ?berlassen (2499?900 Falldatens?tze) und aus diesen alle Operationen und Prozedurenschl?ssel (OPS) endoskopischer Leistungen in Leistungsgruppen (z.?B. Koloskopie mit Biopsie/Koloskopie mit Stenteinlage)?klassifiziert. Eine Expertengruppe ordnete die Leistungsgruppen nach Fallschwere und wies ihnen gesch?tzte Personalbindungszeiten zu. Von Juni bis November 2014 wurde der Leistungskatalog an 119 Krankenh?usern mittels exakter Personalzeiterfassung in der Endoskopie validiert (38?288 Prozeduren). Ergebnisse: Dieses 3-stufige Vorgehen hat, in enger Abstimmung mit dem InEK, die Erstellung eines zeitgem??en Leistungskatalogs mit 97 Einzelleistungsgruppen erm?glicht, der ?ber 99?% aller durchgef?hrten endoskopischen Prozeduren abdeckt und diese anhand der gemessenen ?rztlichen Personalbindung gewichtet. W?hrend in der?Vergangenheit eine diagnostische Koloskopie im?Vergleich zur ?sophagogastroduodenoskopie (Standardwert 1,0) ein Relativgewicht von 1,13 aufwies, wird der Personalaufwand im Leistungskatalog sachgerechter mit 2,16 abgebildet. Bei der diagnostischen ERCP ?ndert sich das Relativgewicht von 1,7 auf 3,62. Leistungen mit hoher Personalbindung, die bisher nicht erfasst wurden, werden jetzt sachgerecht abgebildet (z.?B. ESD im Magen 16,74). Diskussion: Der neue, in Zusammenarbeit von ?ber hundert Krankenh?usern validierte Leistungskatalog bildet endoskopische Prozeduren in der Gastroenterologie nahezu vollst?ndig ab und weist diesen validierte Relativkostengewichte zu. Der Einsatz des Leistungskatalogs wird vom InEK als Ersatz f?r veraltete GO?-, DKG-NT- und Hauskataloge empfohlen und wird, bis zum fl?chendeckenden Einsatz der Zeiterfassung in der Endoskopie, wesentlich zu einer sachgerechteren Zuordnung der Kosten im deutschen DRG-System beitragen.
This novel service catalogue for GI-endoscopy almost completely covers all endoscopic procedures performed in German hospitals and assigns relative personnel-cost values based on actual physician time logs. It is to be included in the national coding recommendation and should replace all prior inventories for cost distribution. The catalogue will contribute to a more objective cost allocation and hospital reimbursement - at least until time tracking for endoscopy becomes mandatory.
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