<p>Due to the their ubiquity and the high impact energy leading to extremely high temperatures and pressures in the affected materials, the physical processes caused by HVIs play an important role in a variety of fields such as the investigation of matter at extreme pressures and temperature, shock waves in solid bodies or even Solar System research, planetology, cosmic dust research and space engineering:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Cratering phenomena throughout the Solar System :</strong>The first systematic investigation of HVIs of micro-meteoroites was dedicated to the understanding of micro-cratering on lunar rock samples. The size and morphology of resulting micro-craters was investigated as a function of particle size and impact speed.</li> <li><strong>Planetology</strong> &#8211; Characterization, development and calibration of dust sensors measuring the composition, size and trajectory information of micrometeoroids aboard interplanetary spacecrafts.</li> <li><strong>Astrobiology</strong> &#8211; Simulation of hyper-velocity impacts of organic micron-sized projectiles and mass spectrometric analysis of impact plasmas containing complex organic molecules; simulation of micrometeoroid impacts onto water ice surfaces.</li> <li><strong>Space weathering: </strong>Alteration of bombarded surfaces</li> <li><strong>Cosmic Dust research:</strong> A major part of what we know today of HVIs of micro-meteoroites was obtained in the process of developing, calibrating and operation of in situ instruments for the investigation of dust in the Solar System. Thereby induced physical processes generate measurable signals which are then transmitted to Earth and can be analyzed afterwards.There are a variety of methods for in situ dust measurements such as the detection of thin foil penetration, the particle charge, the emerging impact flash or ions generated upon impact, revealing the particles&#8217; velocity, trajectory, mass and even chemical composition. Of all these methods, the generation of charge during impacts provides one of the most sensitive methods for the detection and and the most comprehensible characterization of dust particles in space. The characterization of the dynamical and even chemical properties of dust particles in the Solar System allows us to investigate the origin of cosmic dust and its role in the formation of the Solar System and even its role in the origin of life.</li> <li><strong>Impact physics/Materials under extreme conditions</strong> &#8211; Investigation of plasma and material conditions of projectile-surface interactions under hyper-velocity impact conditions.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Electrostatic dust accelerators<span class="Apple-converted-space">&#160;</span></strong></p> <p>To calibrate in-situ dust<span class="Apple-converted-space">&#160; </span>instruments and to get a deeper understanding of the processes involved, hypervelocity impact measurements under similar and well defined conditions are required. For this purpose, a Van-de-Graaff type ion accelerator was modified at the MPI-K/HD in the late 1960ies. The accelerator was equipped with a dust source capable of charging and accelerating dust particles (Fig. 1).</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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
<p>The Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) onboard Cassini characterized successfully the dust environment at Saturn from 2004 to 2017. Besides the study of Saturn&#8217;s E ring and its interaction with the embedded moons, CDA detected nanoparticles in the outer Saturn system moving on unbound orbits and originating primarily from Saturn&#8217;s E-ring. Although the instrument was built to detect micron and sub-micron sized particles, nano-sized grains were detected during the flyby at early Jupiter and in the outer environment at Saturn. Fast dust particles with sizes below 10 nm were measured by in-situ impact ionization and mass spectra were recorded. What are the limits of in-situ hypervelocity impact detection and what can be expected with current high-resolution mass spectrometers as flown onboard the missions DESTINY+ or EUROPA? Is the sensitivity of Dust Telescopes sufficient to detect nano-diamonds in interstellar space? This presentation summarizes the current experience of in-situ dust detectors and gives a prediction for future missions. In summary, current Dust Telescopes with integrated high-resolution mass spectrometers are more sensitive than the CASSINI Cosmic Dust Analyzer.</p>
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