The adoption of artificial intelligence promises tremendous economic benefits for organizations. Yet, many organizations struggle to unlock the full potential of this technology. To ease the adoption of artificial intelligence for organizations, several cloud providers have begun offering artificial intelligence as a service (AIaaS). Extant research on AIaaS exhibits a strong focus on technical aspects and has opposing views on what drives or inhibits the adoption of AIaaS within organizations. In this research, we synthesize extant research on AIaaS adoption factors and conduct semi-structured interviews with practitioners. Our research yields 12 factors that drive and another 12 factors that inhibit the adoption of AIaaS in practice. We thereby close a gap in scholarly knowledge on adopting this emerging service technology, especially on inhibiting factors, and help guide future research on related behavioral and technical aspects.

is undoubtedly one of the most actively debated technologies, providing auspicious opportunities to contribute to individuals' well-being, the success and innovativeness of organizations, and societies' prosperity and advancement (Thiebes et al. 2020). The McKinsey Global Institute predicts that the utilization of AI could yield an additional worldwide economic output of USD 13 trillion by 2030 (Bughin et al. 2018).

Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) facilitates the deployment of distributed, latency-aware services, residing between smart vehicles and cloud services. However, VFC systems are exposed to manifold security threats, putting human life at risk. Knowledge on such threats is scattered and lacks empirical validation. We performed an extensive threat assessment by reviewing literature and conducting expert interviews, leading to a comprehensive threat model with 33 attacks and example security mitigation strategies, among others. We thereby synthesize and extend prior research; provide rich descriptions for threats; and raise awareness of physical attacks that underline importance of the cyber-physical manifestation of VFC.INDEX TERMS Vehicular fog computing, fog computing, threat model, STRIDE, security.

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Continuous service certification (CSC) is an innova-