This article describes and analyses a relatively new phenomenon that has not yet been discussed in the scientific literature. Part-time farmers emerged in Russian agriculture more than 15 years ago and still exist in this sector in Russia. The article considers the issues of how they came into being; their roles and social functions; their strengths, weaknesses, and specialization; and reasonable measures to use the advantages of this type of farm. The analysis is based on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
[eng] This article seeks to survey the evolution of the French and German agricultural policy positions from the creation of the EEC to the negotiations on the Agenda 2000. The fact that France favoured price cuts while the Federal Republic pleaded for quantitative restrictions, is explained taking into account the differences in the economic and natural conditions of agriculture in the two countries. Finally, account is taken of the new agricultural policy concepts resulting both from the German reunification and from the change in the French government in 1997. [fre] Cet article essaie de retracer l'évolution des positions de la France et de l'Allemagne en matière de la politique agricole depuis la création de la cee jusqu'au processus de négociation de l'Agenda 2000. Le fait que la France était dans le passé en faveur d'une baisse des prix alors que l'Allemagne plaidait pour des restrictions quantitatives, s'explique en tenant compte des différentes conditions économiques et naturelles de l'agriculture des deux pays. Finalement, compte tenu des nouvelles conceptions respectives de la politique agricole résultant à la fois de la réunification allemande et du changement du gouvernement français de 1997.
[fre] Avec l'adhésion de l'Allemagne de l'Est à la République fédérale d'Allemagne, la structure de l'agriculture allemande s'est considérablement modifiée. Il est montré que ces bouleversements ont changé partiellement les instruments et la "philosophie" de la politique agricole allemande : la traditionnelle politique structurelle' "sociale" favorisant les exploitations à faibles revenus a été modifiée dans la mesure où le soutien privilégié aux petites exploitations était discriminatoire pour les exploitations plus grandes ; il y a une nouvelle orientation vers l'amélioration des structures et de la productivité. D'autre part, la politique allemande globale des revenus favorisant, dans la PAC, les restrictions quantitatives plutôt que la libéralisation des prix, n'a pas changé. La nouvelle politique agricole allemande améliore donc la compétitivité sans pour autant promouvoir la compétition. La France pourrait en bénéficier. [eng] As a consequence of the accession of eastern Germany to the Federal Republic, the structure of german agriculture has changed considerably. It is shown that this has led to a partial modification of the instruments and philosophy of german agricultural policy: the traditional, "socially " oriented structural policy favouring the low-income farms was partly dismantled to the extent that the special support of small farms discriminated against larger farms, there is a new orientation towards structural change and pruductivity. On the other hand, the global income supporting approach that is in favour of quantitative restrictions within the CAP, instead of price liberalisation, has been maintained. Thus the new german agricultural policy improves competitiveness without increasing competition. This may be beneficial to French agriculture.
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