In a prospective study carried out in two urban centers in northeastern Brazil, 195 HEp-2-adherent Escherichia coli strains were isolated; 110 were identified as the only pathogen in stools of children with diarrhea, and 85 were from controls. Enteropathogenic E. coli isolates were identified in 21 children with diarrhea (8.9%) and 7 children without diarrhea (3.0%), and they were significantly associated with diarrhea (P < 0.01). Enteroaggregative E. coli strains were isolated from 40 children with diarrhea (16.9%) and 38 children without diarrhea (16.4%) and showed no correlation with diarrhea (P > 0.5). In 49 children with diarrhea (20.7%) and 40 children without diarrhea (17.3%), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) isolates were detected and were not found to be associated with diarrhea (P ‫؍‬ 0.41). However, after stratification, for children older than 12 months of age a significant correlation between DAEC infection and diarrhea was detected (P ‫؍‬ 0.01). These results suggest that DAEC isolates should be considered potential pathogens in northeastern Brazil and also confirm the association of DAEC with age-dependent diarrhea.Diarrhea remains an important public health problem for children in developing areas of northeastern Brazil. The bacterial pathogen most commonly associated with endemic forms of childhood diarrhea is Escherichia coli. At least five categories of diarrheagenic E. coli strains are recognized on the basis of distinct epidemiological and clinical features, specific virulence determinants, and an association with certain serotypes: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (13). Recently, diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) strains have been recognized as the sixth class of diarrheagenic E. coli and appear as a heterogeneous group (13). EPEC, EAEC, and DAEC isolates are characterized by their distinct patterns of adherence to cultured epithelial cells in vitro. EPEC strains bind to host cells in a pattern called localized adherence (LA), in which microcolonies form on the surfaces of the cells (15). EAEC isolates bind in an aggregative adherence (AA) pattern, which is characterized by a stacked brick-like arrangement on the surfaces of the cells as well as those of glass or plastic containers (13). DAEC strains are defined by a pattern of diffuse adherence (DA), in which the bacteria uniformly cover the entire cell surface (15). The implication of DAEC strains in diarrhea remains controversial, since some studies have reported that these strains are found similarly in children with and without diarrhea (6, 8). Tacket et al. (18) were unable to conclusively induce diarrhea with DAEC in adult volunteers but suggested that DAEC may cause disease in immunologically naive or malnourished children. Discrepancies among epidemiological studies could be explained by age-dependent susceptibility to diarrhea or by the use of an inappropriate detection method such as DNA probing ...

In order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte's Paediatric Hospital, in north-eastern Brazil. Each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. Each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her weight, height and weight-for-height, weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores were evaluated immediately after any clinical dehydration had been corrected and 30 days later. In the infants aged <6 months, a diet that included foods other than breast milk (odds ratio=9.41), including one in which breast milk was supplemented with other foods (odds ratio=4.69), was found to be statistically associated with diarrhoea. The enteropathogens found most commonly in the children with diarrhoea were rotavirus (36.9%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.6%) and Shigella (11.6%). Just four (5.2%) of the 77 cases with adequate follow-up showed persistent diarrhoea. At presentation or as soon as any clinical dehydration had been corrected, the infants with diarrhoea had significantly lower weights and weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores than the controls. Thirty days later, however, the weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores of the cases had increased significantly, to the point when they were not significantly different from the baseline values for the controls. The negative consequences of diarrhoea on weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores and the recovery of these parameters after 30 days with rehydration reflect the acute but reversible influence of diarrhoea on infant nutritional status.

RESUMO -Objetivos -Estimar o consumo de fibra alimentar e de macronutrientes por crianças com constipação crônica funcional atendidas em ambulatório especializado. Casuística e métodos -O estudo caso-controle foi desenvolvido no Hospital de Pediatria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil. Foram analisadas 54 crianças na faixa etária de 2 a 12 anos com constipação crônica funcional, pareadas por sexo e faixa etária com 50 crianças sem constipação (grupo-controle). A avaliação do consumo alimentar foi feita através do registro alimentar de 3 dias e a análise e adequação das dietas foram realizadas por programa informatizado. Resultados -Em 59,3% dos casos a constipação teve início nos dois primeiros anos de vida. Não houve diferença quanto ao sexo no grupo com constipação, nem associação entre constipação e desnutrição nas crianças estudadas. A quantidade de alimentos ingerida por crianças com constipação foi menor quando comparada à do grupo-controle. O consumo médio diário de energia, proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios foi significativamente menor no grupo de crianças com constipação, assim como os percentuais de adequação calórica e protéica. A ingestão média de fibra alimentar total (g/dia) foi estatisticamente menor no grupo com constipação (6,9 + 3,4) do que no grupo controle (8,6 + 4,2). A proporção de crianças consumindo menos fibra alimentar em relação ao mínimo recomendado pela Fundação Americana de Saúde (idade + 5 g) foi maior no grupo com constipação (83,3%) do que no grupo controle (66,0%). A odds ratio foi igual a 2,6. Conclusões -Houve menor consumo de fibra alimentar, de energia, proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios por crianças com constipação, assim como menor percentual de adequação calórica e protéica. O baixo consumo de fibra alimentar foi considerado como fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de constipação crônica funcional. DESCRITORES INTRODUÇÃOA constipação intestinal é distúrbio comum na população pediátrica, responsável por 3% das consultas de pediatria e 10% a 25% das consultas de gastroenterologia pediátrica em países desenvolvidos (12,13,17) . No Brasil, a alta prevalência de constipação na infância que chega a atingir 38% demonstra a importância do problema no nosso país (16,22,26,35) . A maioria dos casos deve-se à constipação crônica funcional, cuja etiologia não está plenamente esclarecida (11,13,14,21) . Acreditase que vários fatores estejam envolvidos na sua gênese, destacando-se a importância da fibra alimentar pelo efeito que exerce no trânsito intestinal (3,10) .Nas últimas décadas, a fibra alimentar vem recebendo atenção crescente no estudo de constipação em crianças (1,7,32,33) . As pesquisas que estimam o consumo de fibra alimentar têm demonstrado menor ingestão por crianças com constipação quando comparadas àquelas sem constipação (18,19,23,25) , assim como se observa baixo consumo por crianças com constipação, nos estudos sem grupo-controle (15,21,27,30) .Entretanto, ainda há controvérsias em relação ao papel da f ibra nesta enfermidade, pois...