This paper addresses the issue of unfair trade practices, investigating the drivers of the differences between farm-gate and free-on-board (FOB) prices in the most important Arabica coffee producing countries worldwide: Brazil, Guatemala, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, and Ethiopia. Our study looks at those differences taking into account the literature on governance in agri-food chains, with a focus on each country’s domestic market. We performed panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) estimates in ICO and World Bank data, covering the period from 2007 to 2016. In the paper we analyze (i) property rights as a proxy of transaction costs, once it brings more transparency and support to negotiations; (ii) access to electricity as a proxy of supporting infrastructure in communication and information activities, and (iii) quality of roads and quality of ports as proxies of transportation infrastructure. Our results show that heterogeneity in institutions and infrastructure are key in explaining the differences between farm-gate and FOB prices. The transaction costs derived from institutional failures and infrastructure gaps, lead to the use of intermediaries in the coffee supply chain, and this reduces the margin for coffee farmers. Actions that aim to reduce these inefficiencies bring more transparency and lower transaction costs, thereby directly contributing to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The current health and economic crisis is an unprecedented event in the recent history of humanity. Given the lack of treatment and the rapid spread of the virus, several countries and/or local governments had to adopt measures of social distancing and movement restriction. The scenario set by the pandemic, therefore, brought up the need for quick adaptation and innovation, so companies could avoid liquidity and bankruptcy issues. Additionally, as a means to prevent firms’ problems from generating a major macro-economic crisis, governments had to offer a range of support programs as ways to sustain employment and income. Given the dire need to find new ways to conduct businesses, this article sought to understand whether or not government support is a key factor for organizations to adjust or convert—totally or partially—their products or services. The applied methodology was logistic regression, and to solve eventual endogeneity problems, we applied the bivariate Probit model. More than 11,000 observations were included in the main model. The results showed that government support was an important element for companies to adapt their products and services during the first wave of COVID-19. Therefore, companies in countries with stronger institutional environments performed better than those in weaker settings.
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é levantar as características demográficas dos prefeitos eleitos, enfatizando os candidatos que se declaram empresários, e analisar se esse perfil tem melhores resultados quanto ao desempenho, medidos com base na situação fiscal e no Índice de Educação Básica (IDEB) do município. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes. Na primeira, por meio de regressão logística, buscou-se encontrar o perfil do candidato eleito, centrando-se no fato de ele ser empresário. Na segunda seção do artigo, com o emprego da metodologia de regressão multinível, foi analisado se tal perfil escolhido pelos eleitores era responsável por um desempenho superior. Com relação aos resultados, apesar de os empresários constituírem a maioria entre os candidatos, essa característica não foi significativa para o sucesso eleitoral. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, de modo geral os resultados não encontraram correlação entre o perfil dos eleitos e o desempenho da gestão municipal. Somente a idade do prefeito foi significativa na questão fiscal dos municípios. Dessa forma, os empresários não apresentam resultados diferentes da média, o que permite pressupor que esse grupo não tem melhores habilidades e julgamentos.
This study analyzes the demographic characteristics of elected mayors in Brazil, emphasizing those who are business owners. The research observes whether mayors with a background as business owners obtain better performance in office, which is evaluated through the municipality’s fiscal situation and the IDEB (basic education development index) score. The research was conducted in two parts. The first part used logistic regression and sought to identify the profile of elected mayors. The second part analyzed whether mayors who were business owners obtained a superior performance using the multilevel regression model. The study observed that the majority of mayors had a background as business owners, but this characteristic was not significant to explain electoral success. The results of the second part did not find a correlation between mayors who are business owners and their performance. The only demographic characteristic relevant to explain differences in municipalities’ fiscal results was the mayor’s age. Therefore, mayors who were business owners did not present results different from those who have other backgrounds, which allows us to assume that this group does not have better skills and judgments. One of the limitations of this study is that the characteristic of being a business owner was obtained by self-declaration.
Nos agradecimentos da minha dissertação, comecei citando uma frase de uma música do Jorge Drexler: "Creo que he visto una luz, al otro lado del río". Por eu gostar muito dessa frase, pensei em repeti-la. Entretanto, ao começar a escrever, lembrei-me de uma parte de outra canção dele: "Amar la trama más que el desenlace". Essa música, mesmo com a frase um pouco fora do contexto da música, é o que mais representa aquilo pelo que devo agradecer: os encontros que o doutorado me permitiu. A trama que esses encontros me propiciaram vou levar para o resto da minha vida.Assim, primeiramente, gostaria de agradecer aos meus pais pelo incondicional e irrestrito apoio. Desde sempre, eles sempre me mostraram a importância da educação e nunca mediram esforços para que pudesse ter a melhor possível. Estendo, também, meus agradecimentos ao meu irmão e aos meus sobrinhos, Júlia e Henrique, que sempre me apoaiaram. Mesmo distante, sempre senti a torcida pelo meu sucesso.Queria deixar um agradecimento mais do que especial para minha orientadora, Sylvia Saes. Foi uma imensa honra poder ter sido orientado por ela. Além da extrema competência, ela sempre foi muito generosa e sempre me ajudou nos momentos mais complicados. Como diria Vinicius de Moraes, a vida é a arte do encontro, e agradeço ao grande Oliver Williamson, por ter dado instrumentos para que eu pudesse conviver com uma pessoa tão especial. Serei eternamente grato por todo o apoio que ela me deu nesses seis anos de orientação.Gostaria de agradecer a cada membro do meu grupo de pesquisa, o CORS, em especial à Ana Carolina (Carol), Cilene, Elis, e ao Gustavo e Ivan. Foi muito legal ter convivido e aprendido com vocês. À Paula Schnaider, que sempre colaborou com meu trabalho, meu muito obrigado.Agradeço também a cada professor da FEA-USP, por terem contribuído enormemente para o meu aprendizado.Este trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Código de Financiamento 001.
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