The study demonstrated that previously sedentary older adults with type 2 diabetes, supported with a coaching intervention, were able to achieve the physical activity targets known to be beneficial to health. However, using a pedometer added no further benefit. Further research on the impact of specific coaching strategies in diabetes management is warranted.

Self-management is a necessary aim in the treatment of chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, lupus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although effective treatments are available for these serious conditions, the rate of adherence to medication, dietary changes, physical activity, blood monitoring, or attendance to regular medical screenings is reported to be approximately only 50%. The role of health professional support in effective self-management of chronic illness has been recently acknowledged. Furthermore, numerous studies on professional support for self-management of chronic illness have focused on the health professional as a ?coach?. Coaching has been defined as an interactive role undertaken by a peer or professional individual to support a patient to be an active participant in the self-management of a chronic illness. A review of the literature revealed a limited number of empirical studies on coaching, with these focusing on one of three areas: disease-related education; behaviour change strategies; or, psychosocial support. Due to the small number of research investigations, only tentative support can be given to the efficacy of the different coaching approaches. However, it was apparent that education-based interventions have a significant role in self-management, but that these were not sufficient by themselves. The role of behaviour change-focused coaching was also shown to be an important factor. However, not all patients are ready for change, and therefore the need for coach interactions that move a patient to a stage of action were evident, as was the need to consider the emotional state of the patient. The challenges for future research is to investigate the relative strengths of these coaching approaches for the support of patient self-management of chronic illness, and the means to effectively integrate these approaches into routine health care, through a wide range of health professional groups.

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This study indicated the existence of a high level of depressive symptoms among individuals diagnosed with lupus, and reinforces the need for screening procedures in chronic illness, and treatment interventions that target maladaptive illness perceptions.

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