of farmed fish in Europe-analysing the range of EU legislation and the impact of international animal welfare standards for the fishes in European aquaculture, dA. Derecho Animal (Forum of Animal Law Studies) 11/1 (2020).

Fish -these four letters stand for an enormous number of trillions of animals but still up to the present day we only know little about their inner life. There have been numerous studies showing impressively that they indeed feel pain. Even though they lack a human-like neocortex, apparently other parts of the fish brain seem to be responsible for processing emotions and consciousness. Observations from nature strongly support the remarkable capacity of fishes to live a conscious life: they have an excellent memory and use land marks for orientation, recognize the different individuals in their shoal and remember their hierarchical status in the group. They cooperate between species and even invent interspecific sign language. In conclusion, there is clear evidence that fishes are conscious, sentient beings -and indeed since 2009 they are recognized as such by the EU in article 13 TFEU. However, under welfare aspects of secondary EU legislation, the fishes are either only included on a very basic general level or not considered at all. Especially considering the numbers of fish individuals and the methods used in fisheries and aquaculture, it is high time to overcome this erroneous view and to finally grant them the protection they deserve as 'sentient beings' -on the legislative level, but also in fisheries and aquaculture practices, policies, and not least in our daily behaviour.

Hardly any of us knows about the sad and appalling story of the camels in Egypt. Once being esteemed in the Bedouin culture as "the Bedouin's constant companion" the role of the camels in the Arab world has turned over the centuries. Nowadays they are mainly used for sports and leisure or as 'farm' animals bred and kept for milk and meat production. Egypt is one of the most important countries importing live camels. Every year hundreds of thousands of camels are imported as 'slaughter' animals particularly from Somalia and Sudan to provide the internal Egyptian market with camel meat. These transports by road, foot or sea are extremely long and exhausting for the camels, and some of them do not survive the exertions. At the markets they are faced with very rough and brutal handling methods. However, the alarming and widespread animal welfare problems generated from the unbearable transport and handling conditions which the camels must endure on transports, markets and in slaughterhouses in Egypt are not discussed up to the present day. Egypt is lacking any animal welfare legislation. Even though being member of the World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE), Egypt does not comply with the OIE standards on animal welfare in which also the camels are included. Therefore, it is high time to put an end to the extreme suffering of the camels and grant them the protection status they deserve.