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Deaths from non-communicable diseases are increasing worldwide. Low and middle-income countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are projected to see the most rapid increase over the next two decades. While non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease increasingly contribute to mortality in SSA, communicable diseases such as malaria and HIV/AIDS remain major causes of death in this region, leading to a double burden of disease. In this paper, we use World Health Organization data and life table techniques to: (1) delineate the magnitude and toll of the double burden of disease in four SSA countries: Ghana, Gabon, Botswana, and Kenya, and (2) scrutinize assumptions linking changes in disease patterns to economic development and modernization. Our findings suggest that non-communicable and communicable diseases warrant equal research attention and financial commitment in pursuit of health equity.

Studies of social stratification and factors that contribute to inequalities by indices such as race, ethnicity, and gender are core contributions sociologists make to the discipline and to general discourse. The measurement and construction of such indices play a crucial role in the understanding or misunderstanding of inequalities in society. Focusing on within-group heterogeneity of persons of Hispanic origin, the authors examined the percentage of incarceration to demonstrate the varied understandings that arise from the changing definitions and categorizations of racial and ethnic groups in the United States. As social scientists, we often ask the general question of if and how racial and ethnic categorizations affect a specific area; however, we tend to pay less attention to how the exclusion of incarcerated persons from many of the national surveys that inform our areas of study affects the knowledge we produce. This is particularly important because the U.S. incarcerated population consists mostly of persons from marginalized groups. Not taking incarcerated populations into account paints a misleading picture of the United States regarding racial and ethnic inequalities. It is imperative that we recognize the implications of using race and ethnicity in studies such that our findings do not contribute to inaccurate representations of society.

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