Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703, Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707, and human fecal microbiota were cultivated in vitro with d-xylose, l-arabinose, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) as carbon sources. The pH, formation of volatile fatty acids, and carbohydrate utilization profiles were followed. In the pure bifidobacteria cultures optical density and in the fecal slurries pressure and H(2) were also detected. A differing substrate preference was observed among the various bifidobacteria strains. B. adolescentis grew on XOS, slowly on d-xylose, but not on l-arabinose. In contrast, B. longum preferred l-arabinose and did not grow on pure d-xylose or XOS. Both strains were able to utilize AXOS but with differing strategies, since after the cleavage of l-arabinose B. adolescentis consumed the XOS formed, whereas B. longum fermented the l-arabinose released. B. breve grew poorly on all of the substrates provided. A bifidobacterial mixture and the fecal microbiota were able to utilize pure singly substituted AXOS almost completely, but pure AXOS with a doubly substituted xylose residue was fermented only by the fecal microbiota. Thus, AXOS appear to be potential candidates for slowly fermenting prebiotics, but their prebiotic effects may be dependent on the type of arabinose substitution and the presence of other carbohydrates.

The Kjeldahl method is the most utilized method for total protein content analysis in food. Using the universal nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25, the protein content of insects is likely to be overestimated due to their chitin content. We have calculated nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for two crickets, house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus), which are used for food and feed in Europe. By analyzing their nitrogen and amino acid content we were able to show that a conversion factor of 5.09 could be used for house cricket and 5.00 for field cricket in protein content calculation. Based on these results with a reservation about slight variation in farming conditions, we suggest a nitrogen conversion factor of 5.0 for both crickets.

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Developing shoots, i.e., sprouts, and older needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) have traditionally been used for medicinal purposes due to the high content of vitamins and antioxidants. Currently, sprouts are available as, for example, superfood and supplements. However, end-product quality and nutritive value may decline in the value-chain from raw material sourcing to processing and storage. We studied (1) impacts of different drying and extraction methods on nutritional composition and antioxidative properties of sprouts and needles, (2) differences between sprouts and needles in nutritional composition and microbiological quality, and (3) production scale quality of the sprouts. Additionally, (4) sprout powder was applied in products (ice-cream and sorbet) and consumer acceptance was evaluated. According to our results, older needles have higher content of dry matter, energy, and calcium, but lower microbial quality than sprouts. Sprouts showed a higher concentration of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus than older needles. Freeze-drying was the best drying method preserving the quality of both sprouts and needles, e.g., vitamin C content. The antioxidative activity of the sprout extracts were lower than that of needles. Ethanol-water extraction resulted in a higher content of active compounds in the extract than water extraction. Sensory evaluation of food products revealed that on average, 76% of consumers considered sprout-containing products very good or good, and a creamy product was preferred over a water-based sorbet.