Background
In anesthesia, additive drug interactions are used for reducing dose and dose-dependent side-effects. The combination of propofol with volatile anesthetics is rather unusual but might have advantages compared to the single use regarding PONV, time to extubation, movement during surgery and postoperative pain perception.
Methods
We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL for relevant studies comparing combined intravenous volatile anesthesia with total intravenous or balanced anesthesia. The studies identified were summarized in a meta-analysis with the standardized mean difference or risk ratio as the effect size.
Results
Ten studies provided data. The risk for PONV in the recovery room was significantly reduced for a combined anesthesia compared to a balanced anesthesia (RR 0.657, CI 0.502–0.860, p-value 0.002). There was no significant difference detected either in the time to extubation or in pain perception. Movement during surgery was significantly reduced for a combined compared to a total intravenous anesthesia (RR 0.241, CI 0.135–0.428, p-value 0.000).
Conclusions
The combination of propofol and volatiles may have some advantages in the early occurrence of PONV compared to a balanced anesthesia. To sufficiently evaluate potential advantages of a combination of volatiles and propofol further high-quality trials are needed.
Trial registration
PROSPERO CRD42019126627.
ZusammenfassungArzneimittelinteraktionen bedingen hohe Zahlen von Krankenhausaufnahmen und Todesfällen, insbesondere bei polypharmazeutisch behandelten Patienten. Pharmakologische Visiten wie auch EDV-basierte Interaktionssuchprogramme adressieren dieses Problem und verbessern die Behandlungsqualität. Die perioperative Phase wie auch die Narkose sind Risikointervalle, da hier binnen kurzer Zeiträume eine hohe Zahl an Arzneimitteln verabreicht wird. Dies stellt hohe Anforderungen an klinisch tätige Anästhesisten. Ein detailliertes Wissen um Interaktionen ist unabdingbar, um die Kernaufgabe der Anästhesie, die Patientensicherheit peri- und intraoperativ, zu gewährleisten. Während die moderne Anästhesie auf der einen Seite Medikamenteninteraktionen im Rahmen der „balancierten Anästhesie“ nutzt, ist die Kenntnis möglicher unerwünschter Interaktionen, die als direkte chemische Interaktion, aber auch auf pharmakokinetischer oder pharmakodynamischer Ebene auftreten können, erforderlich. Pharmakologische Einflüsse auf die QT-Zeit mit nachfolgenden Risiken sind ebenso relevant wie beispielsweise die medikamentöse Induktion eines Serotoninsyndroms. Eine detaillierte Kenntnis des Metabolismus eingesetzter Pharmaka sowie der Medikamente aus der Dauermedikation beinhaltet die Kenntnis über Stoffwechselwege der Elimination wie das p-Glykoprotein oder Enzyme der Cytochrom-P450-Familie.
Neuroscientific research has identified specific brain networks involved in the acquisition of fear memories. Using fMRI to assess changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) induced by fear acquisition, single brain regions from these networks have also been linked to fear memory consolidation. However, previous studies only examined RSFC changes within restricted sets of brain regions or without a proper control group, leaving our knowledge about fear consolidation outside of traditional fear networks incomplete. Here, we tested a group of 84 healthy participants in a differential fear conditioning paradigm and quantified RSFC changes between 358 cortical and 16 subcortical brain areas. Subsequent to fear learning, 21 functional connections exhibited significant RSFC changes. Importantly, these connections were not restricted to the traditional fear networks but also comprised various frontal and visual areas. Our findings indicate that fear memory consolidation is a complex process that integrates relevant information across the entire brain.
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