This article sets out to explore the extent to which developments currently taking place at the interface between law and religion in domestic, regional and international law can be conceptualized as instances of larger, multidimensional processes of juridification. We rely on an expansive notion of juridification, departing from the more narrow sense of juridificiation as the gradually increasing “colonization of the lifeworld” proposed by Jürgen Habermas in his Theory of Communicative Action (1987; Vol. 2, Beacon Press). More specifically, the article adapts the multidimensional notion of juridification outlined by Anders Molander and Lars Christian Blichner in their article ‘Mapping Juridification’ (2008; 14 European Law Journal 36), and develops it into a more context-specific notion of juridification that is attendant to the specific nature of religion as a subject matter for law.
Drawing on a secularist view of religion as primarily a private matter for individuals, the international discourse on human rights has historically considered alternative bodies of law and legal reasoning to be inherently suspect. This ‘secularist suspicion’ has been particularly pronounced towards religious and customary forms of law, which are commonly seen as challenges to the sovereignty and hegemony of human rights law. Through a close reading of the practice of United Nations committees monitoring racism and women’s rights from 1993 to 2010, the development of a gradual divergence in their views of legal pluralism is explored. It is suggested that these views stem from different understandings of what religion is and should be in law, politics and society. Left unattended, this divergence may threaten the conceptual unity and holism of the human rights enterprise.
Across the world, indigenous peoples enjoy unprecedented access to international, regional, and domestic legal remedies to gain protections for their religious, spiritual, and customary identities, beliefs, and practices through a wide spectrum of judicial platforms. These remedies provide a broad, inclusive, and “intersectional” vocabulary for indigenous peoples to formulate their rights claims. Despite the growing interest in research on law and religion and the recognition that international human rights law is vital to the formulation of indigenous rights claims, the nature, scope, and effects of the proliferation of international norms protecting “indigenous religion” has so far not been subject to extensive research. Seeking to address this lacuna in the literature, this article explores the extent to which indigenous peoples involved in two recent Supreme Court decisions in Canada and Norway have chosen to rely on the available vocabulary for the formulation of rights claims related to “indigenous religion.”
.. Minorities and Discrimination 79 .. Organizations 90 .. Religious Law 94 .. The Impact of Religion 98 . Summary 101 The Human Rights Committee 106 . Introduction 106 . General Comments 111 . IndividualC ommunications 114 . Reporting Guidelines 116 . The Religion of the HRC 117 . Approaches to Religion in the Monitoring Practice of the HRC, 1993 -2013 118 .. The Freedom of Religion or Belief 118 .. Minorities and Discrimination 123 .. Organizations 133 .. Religious Law 145 . Summary 150 The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 153 . Introduction 153 . General Recommendations 156 . IndividualC ommunications 158 . Reporting Guidelines 158 . The Religion of CEDAW 159 . Approaches to Religion in the Monitoring Practice CEDAW, 1993 -2013 160 .. Minorities 160 .. Organizations 166 .. Religious Law 174 .. The Impact of Religion 183 . Summary 191 The Committee on the Rights of the Child 193 . Introduction 193 . General Comments 196 VI Contents . IndividualC omplaints 197 . Reporting Guidelines 197 . The Religion of the CRC 198 . Approaches to Religion in the Monitoring Practice of the CRC, 1993 -2013 198 .. Minorities 198 .. Organizations 207 .. Religious Law 214 .. The Impact of Religion 222 . Summary 232 Legal Forms of Religious Life 235 . Minorities and Non-Discrimination 237 . Institutions and Organizations 241 . Religious Law 244 . The Impact of Religion 247 . The Islamic World and the West 249 . Conclusion 251 References 256 PrimaryS ources 256 International Treaties 256 UN Documents 257 Online Sources
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 2016I Religionspolitikk tar Ingvill Thorson Plesner til orde for en åpen og menneskerettighets basert sekularisme som et grunnleggende prinsipp for en helhetlig religions-og livssynspolitikk. En slik sekularisme fastholder det prinsipielle skillet mellom kirke og stat, tar utgangspunkt i en grunnleggende respekt for tros-og livssynsfrihetens ulike dimensjoner (s. 78) og vektlegger samtidig sikringen av andre grunnleggende rettigheter gjennom balanserte avveininger (s. 209). Bokens umiddelbare kontekst er todelt og knytter dels an til spørsmålene som aktiveres av det pågående arbeidet med en ny stortingsmelding på feltet, og dels til et ønske om å formidle noe av det forfatteren har arbeidet med i egen forskning siden 2003, blant annet i undervisningsøyemed. Boken er med andre ord rettet inn mot et bredt publikum og er ført i et lettlest, åpent og spørrende språk der leseren tas med inn i en lang rekke prinsipielle avveininger slik disse arter seg fra mange forskjellige perspektiver.Bokens åtte kapitler spenner opp et bredt lerret for bakgrunnen for og alternativer til prinsippet om en åpen og menneskerettighetsbasert sekularisme: hvor dette prinsippet kommer fra, hva det inneholder, og på hvilke måter det får betydning for de avveiningene politikere og byråkrater må foreta i lovgivningsarbeidet på feltet. Leseren får presentert religions-og livssynspolitikkens fem nivåer (s. 58-60), fem religionspolitiske modeller (s. 61-70), tre religionspolitiske dilemmaer (s. 72-76) og to religionspolitiske prinsipper (sekularisme og nøytralitet), som hver kan deles inn i henholdsvis to og fire ulike former (s. 76-84).Et sentralt grep i boken er et tilbakevendende fokus på at utformingen av en helhetlig politikk på feltet fordrer utviklingen av et tverrfaglig begrepsapparat (s. 9, 16, 109-47) som ikke begrenser seg til juridiske og menneskerettslige spørsmål, men også må ta med filosofiske, samfunnsvitenskapelige og teologiske/religionsvitenskapelige innfallsvinkler til problemstillingen. Dette grepet gjør boken til et kjaerkomment bidrag til en bredere anlagt samtale om reguleringer på et felt som så langt ikke har vaert preget av fler-eller tverrfaglig samhandling. Å vurdere religionspolitiske spørsmål innenfor en videre, flerfaglig horisont enn den stats-og rettsvitenskapene så langt har vaert i stand til å tilby, er også i tråd med tendensen internasjonalt, der et økende antall forskere fra
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