Objective: To translate and adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the Revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), in both paper-and-pencil and computerized versions. The RMET is a well-accepted instrument for assessment of Theory of Mind (ToM), an important component of social cognition. Methods: Following a guideline for translation of material for clinical populations, this study had three main phases: 1) formal translation and semantic adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese; 2) an acceptability trial with health professionals as judges evaluating picture-word matching; and 3) a trial using the paper-and-pencil and computerized versions (experiments built in E-Prime 2.0.10 software) with healthy participants to test whether the instrument has similar outputs to those expected in versions in other languages. Results: RMET was adequately adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. This version showed acceptability and outputs similar to versions of the instrument in other languages, including the original one. We kept the same number of images as the original English version. Conclusions: Considering the scarcity of cognitive assessment instruments adequately adapted to Portuguese and the importance of social cognition in many psychiatric disorders, this work adds an important resource to Brazilian research and is administrable in both paper-and-pencil and computerized versions.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and clinical utility of a Portuguese version of the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS). Videotaped interviews with 16 psychiatric inpatients treated with antipsychotic drugs for at least 5 years were evaluated. Reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between three raters, two with and one without clinical training in psychopathology. Clinical utility was assessed by the difference between the scores of patients with (N = 11) and without (N = 5) tardive dyskinesia (TD). Patients with TD exhibited a higher severity of global evaluation by the AIMS (sum of scores: 4.2 ± 0.9 vs 0.4 ± 0.2; score on item 8: 2.3 ± 0.3 vs 0.4 ± 0.2, TD vs controls). The ICC for the global evaluation was fair between the two skilled raters (0.58-0.62) and poor between these raters and the rater without clinical experience (0.05-0.29). Thus, we concluded that the Portuguese version of the AIMS shows an acceptable inter-rater reliability, but only between clinically skilled raters, and that it is clinically useful.

ResumoIndivíduos portadores de transtornos do espectro do autismo podem ser acometidos por anormalidades qualitativas nos contatos sociais e padrões de comunicação. Muitos estudos demonstraram que uma grande quantidade destes indivíduos pode ter anormalidades no processamento cognitivo "Teoria da mente" (ToM), isto é, eles podem ter uma incapacidade de inferir os seus estados mentais e os de terceiros. Tal condição foi chamada de "cegueira mental" por Baron-Cohen (1995). Alguns autores recentemente aventaram a possibilidade de que indivíduos sofrendo de esquizofrenia e transtorno bipolar, da mesma forma que autistas, exibam cegueira mental, causando comprometimento em seu funcionamento social. Este artigo discute o conceito de cegueira mental e a visão de que se trata de uma habilidade exclusivamente humana. Em seguida, apresenta alguns testes disponíveis para avaliação da cegueira mental e, finalmente, mostra algumas evidências científicas de que déficits ToM podem afetar pacientes com outras condições psiquiátricas. Palavras-chave: Autismo; Cognição; Percepção social; Esquizofrenia; Transtorno bipolar. AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorders may suffer from qualitative abnormalities in social contacts and communication patterns. Many studies have shown that a great amount of those individuals might have abnormalities in the Theory of Mind (ToM) cognitive processing, i.e., they may lack the capability of inferring their and others' mental states. This condition was named "mindblindness" by Baron-Cohen (1995). Some authors have recently focused on the possibility that individuals who suffer from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, like autistic people, show mindblindness, causing them to develop social impairments. This paper discusses the concept of mindblindness and the view that deems it as an exclusively human ability. Afterwards, it presents some of the available tests to evaluate mindblindness and, finally, shows some scientific evidences that ToM deficits might affect patients with other psychiatric conditions.

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Introduction: Disorders of thought are psychopathological phenomena commonly present in schizophrenia and seem to result from deficits of semantic processing. Schizotypal personality traits consist of tendencies to think and behave that are qualitatively similar to schizophrenia, with greater vulnerability to such disorder. This study reviewed the literature about semantic processing deficits in samples of individuals with schizotypal traits and discussed the impact of current knowledge upon the comprehension of schizophrenic thought disorders. Studies about the cognitive performance of healthy individuals with schizotypal traits help understand the semantic deficits underlying psychotic thought disorders with the advantage of avoiding confounding factors usually found in samples of individuals with schizophrenia, such as the use of antipsychotics and hospitalizations. Methods: A search for articles published in Portuguese or English within the last 10 years on the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, LILACS and Biological Abstracts was conducted, using the keywords semantic processing, schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder. Results: The search retrieved 44 manuscripts, out of which 11 were firstly chosen. Seven manuscripts were additionally included after reading these papers. Conclusion:The great majority of the included studies showed that schizotypal subjects might exhibit semantic processing deficits. They help clarify about the interfaces between cognitive, neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying not only thought disorders, but also healthy human mind's creativity.