Aim:This study evaluated the impacts of anthropogenic activities upstream of conservation areas on the Paraibuna river and its implications for freshwater biodiversity. Methods: The study was carried out in two units, Cunha and Santa Virginia, of the Serra do Mar State Park (SP), located in the Atlantic Rain Forest. Five sampling sites were defined, four along the Paraibuna river and one in the Ipiranga river, the latter fully inserted into the protected area. Physical, chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological data were obtained from surface water as well as aquatic macroinvertebrates. Results: The results showed that the waters of the Paraibuna river have low anthropogenic interference. However, conductivity, turbidity, coliforms, iron, total phosphorus and nitrate showed a gradient improving its water quality from upstream to downstream, indicating the existence of erosion and introduction of organic debris in the basin. The BMWP index, varying from 58 to 190, also showed the good condition of the river to aquatic biota, with predominant Excellent quality diagnosis. The values of this index and the richness index (S) outlined a similar gradient but with the lowest values recorded in P3. Conclusions:The results showed that the upstream activities alter the natural condition of the Paraibuna river and its biota and that the protected areas provides environmental services reducing these impacts. The ideal situation in order to ensure the conservation of the freshwater biota of the Paraibuna river would be the incorporation of parts of the upstream area into the protected area and convert occupied areas into Sustainable Use Area, that guarantee the adoption of sustainable techniques to the existing land uses and the application of aquatic life protection indicators for monitoring the water quality of the river.

Mais uma vez, à Gisela, por sua amizade, confiança e orientação. À amiga Mônica, pelo incentivo e dedicação e "ouvido amigo". À amiga Helena, coma qual compartilhei minhas "lamentações". Ao Em erson, Vanessa e Mir ela, que dividiram com igo a árdua t ar efa de t riagem das amostras. À Maira, por seu amor e compreensão nos momentos críticos. Aos Prof. Dr. Robert o M. Shim izu, pela r ecept ividade e esclarecim ent os prestados. Ao Dr. Carlos Molineri e Dr. Leandro Gonçalves Oliveira, pela gent ileza da confirmação de alguns gêneros. Aos colegas da CETESB que participaram das atividades de campo. Aos colegas do DAIA, pelo incentivo nas horas de crise. Aos meus pais, a quem devo muito por ter chegado até aqui.

Aim The order Ephemeroptera, together with Trichoptera and Plecoptera, has been considered as sensitive in environmental quality assessment. However, the species Campsurus truncatus Ulmer 1920 (Polymitarcyidae) has been sampled in anthropically altered sites. In this paper, data on the occurrence of that species in the water quality monitoring network of the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State (CETESB) were gathered to review its position in the environmental gradient and in the quality assessment of rivers and reservoirs. Methods For this, a compilation of the occurrences and densities of Campsurus obtained in rivers and reservoirs of São Paulo state between 2001 and 2018, with grab samplers, was carried. Environmental factors, the Trophic State Index (TSI) and the Benthic Community Index (BCI) were related to the species densities to define its environmental requirements. Results The sublittoral zone of reservoirs was the most common habitat to C. truncatus, occurring more frequently at mesotrophic sites with fair ecological quality. Higher mean densities were recorded at eutrophic sites with good ecological quality conditions. The statistical analysis did not show linear correlation between C. truncatus densities and any of the analyzed environmental variable such as grain size, organic matter content, DO and light penetration, although there was a tendency for higher species densities occur in muddy, dark sediments and with intermediate levels of organic matter. As described in literature the presence of aquatic plants can actually benefit that population once the highest densities were observed in sites with many macrophytes, as Salto Grande reservoir, but it may be confusing the relationship between population density and environmental factors. Conclusions The high occurrence and densities of C. truncatus obtained in eutrophic environments suggest that the species should not be considered as a sensitive taxon in qualitative indexes, such as the BCI for rivers and the sublittoral region of reservoirs. Moreover, its exclusion from the richness of sensitive groups had low impact on the diagnoses already performed at the CETESB monitoring network.