<p>Óleos essenciais (OES) são compostos voláteis extraídos de uma grande variedade de plantas e frutos e caracterizam-se por terem alto ponto de ebulição, além de sabor e odor característicos. Para extrair esses compostos voláteis, são usadas diversas técnicas, porém a mais utilizada é a destilação por arraste a vapor. Dentre os compostos mais extraídos atualmente temos o eugenol – obtido do cravo da índia ou manjericão, o timol – orégano e o limoneno – laranja e alguns outros frutos cítricos. O óleo essencial obtido da casca da laranja pêra é constituído de cerca de 90% de limoneno (C₁₀H₁₆) –hidrocarboneto cíclico insaturado pertencente à família dos terpenos, que apresenta odor cítrico e aparência incolor. Os OES apresentam grande utilidade nas indústrias farmacêuticas e alimentícia, além de possuírem atividade contra certos microrganismos da família Enterobactereacea como, por exemplo, a bactéria <em>Escherichia Coli –</em> bactéria gram-negativa responsável por infecções urinárias. Comumentemente, o óleo essencial obtido nesse procedimento possui certa quantidade de água, o que torna necessário uma extração com solventes orgânicos para que se tenha um óleo com maior teor de pureza. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a atividade antibacteriana do limoneno extraído da casca da laranja pêra, comprada em supermercados do Município de Itaperuna, por meio da destilação por arraste a vapor.</p>

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EVALUATION OF AROMATIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES AND ITAPERUNA APPLYING MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are air pollutants emitted from different sources, mainly by industries and motor vehicles. The evaluation of the emission of these compounds into the atmosphere should be done systematically and with a varied class of compounds. The large number of data generated during the monitoring of these VOCs requires the use of multivariate data tools to interpret the results. In this sense, this work aimed to monitor 10 aromatic VOCs present in the atmosphere of the largest cities in the Norte Fluminense (Campos dos Goytacazes) and Noroeste Fluminense (Itaperuna) regions. The VOCs were actively sampled and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection after thermal desorption. After treatment of analytical results, it was observed that in both cities there is influence of vehicular emissions. In the city of Itaperuna, due to the relief and lower dispersion of contaminants, there is a higher occurrence of photochemical reactions. The exploratory analysis of the data allowed identifying the variables that were more significant and correlating these variables with the main sources of emission of the compounds. This is the first study of VOCs evaluation in Campos dos Goytacazes and Itaperuna, demonstrating the relevance of this research for understanding the behavior of VOCs in these cities, which have different reliefs and high traffic of cars and trucks in the studied sites.

THE STATE OF THE ART OF VOLATILE CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS: IMPACTS TO HEALTH AND SAMPLING METHODOLOGIES AND ANALYSIS. The primary sources of emission of volatile carbonyl compounds (CCs) in indoor environments are chipboard panels, laminate floors, plywood, paints and solvents, household products, fiberglass, gas stoves, heaters and heating systems. Several studies have already confirmed an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio greater than 1 (one) for several CCs, indicating that these compounds are emitted mainly from internal sources. CCs (especially aldehydes and ketones) are easily absorbed into the airways, presenting a considerable mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, this study aimed to review the CCs found in different indoor environments, the effects and impacts of these compounds on human health and the national and international guidelines that establish their maximum exposure limits. The methodologies most used in the literature to analyze CCs in the air were reviewed directly (in real-time) or indirectly (using pre-treatment steps). A detailed review of the sampling techniques: with and without adsorption, with and without derivatization, with adsorption and derivatization simultaneously; using various methodologies employed during the last decades (cartridges, filters, tubes or liquid absorbent-impinger) was carried out. Finally, this work describes the instrumental methods and the advantages and disadvantages of determining CCs individually and simultaneously in the atmosphere.