Algebra is a crucial subject in the study of mathematics. However, many junior high school students, such as grade 9 students, who are the unit of analysis for this study, need help with this topic. Exploration of the factors causing these difficulties will aid in unravelling the problem and making the solution more effective and efficient. This study tried to investigate these factors. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study approach. The data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation, and it was then analyzed using the Creswell and Creswell qualitative data analysis model (2018). The findings revealed that the following factors hampered students' understanding of algebra lack of motivation in mathematics, self-efficacy, basic skills and knowledge, social skills, and learning development.