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On the antennae of Periplaneta americana, 25 chemo-, hygro- or thermosensitive sensilla were investigated electrophysiologically and, after marking, by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A clear-cut relationship of functional types to structural types was observed. Two different stimulus conducting structures were observed: a) pore tubules which are found only in smooth, single-walled sensory pegs and b) secretion-filled canals which occur only in grooved double-walled sensilla. Temperature- and humidity-sensitive receptors occur only in double-walled sensilla with secretion material as the stimulus conducting system. Olfactory sensory cells were found in both types, however, those with a specific sensitivity for short-chain n-alcohols are restricted to single-walled pegs with pore tubules, while those which are most sensitive to short-chain n-acids and amines are found in double-walled sensilla, sometimes together with thermosensitive units. The stimulus conducting systems may control the access of odorous substances to the dendritic membranes and thus contribute to the discriminatory properties of the sensilla.

Coeloconic sensilla on the antenna of Locusta migratoria were investigated electrophysiologically, labeled and then examined under the scanning or transmission electron microscope. They can be categorized into two main morphological types: 1) sensilla with wall pores and two concentric cuticular walls (wp-dw sensilla), and 2) sensilla lacking wall pores (np-sensilla). Hygroreceptors were observed only in np-sensilla. Olfactory receptors were observed in wp-dw sensilla, but not in np-sensilla. Cold-sensitive units were fund in both types. Wp-dw sensilla with a cold-sensitive unit also manifest a fatty acid olfactory receptor. This cold-sensitive unit appears to be less sensitive to drops in temperature than the cold receptor combined with hygroreceptors in np-sensilla. Recordings from both types revealed up to three or sometimes four units that could be distinguished on the basis of impulse amplitude. The number of np-sensilla on each antennal segment ranges from 0 to 6. These sensilla are pegs 4--5 micrometer long with a terminal swelling. The dendritic outer segments of two sensory cells fit tightly into these pegs. The dendrite of the third sensory cell ends at its base. All three are up to 1 micrometer thick, unbranched, and densely filled with microtubules. The cuticular wall and socket of the peg are characterized by (1) an electron-dense inner layer surrounding the dendrites and continuous with electron dense clusters at the base of the peg, and (2) clefts in the cuticle at the insertion of the peg. The present observations favor the hypothesis that insect sensilla combining the triad of moist air, dry air and cold receptors generally lack pores. Specifically, though still alternative roles in stimulus transduction can be suggested for substructures demonstrated in the present and previous electron microscopic investigations.

The setae on the inner edges of the pereiopod chelae of Austropotamobius torrentium contain eight receptor-cell endings. Two units are mechanosensitive, four react only to amino acids, to amines, or to pyridines. The remaining two units are most probably also chemoreceptors. All sensory cells possess long dendritic outer segments that extend to the tip of the seta, where a small pore is found. Structurally, two units differ from the other six by having (1) densely packed microtubules in their dendritic outer segments, (2) dense A-tubules with arms in their ciliary segments, (3) a well-developed ciliary rootlet in their dendritic inner segments, and (4) desmosomal junctions between the dendritic inner segment and the inner enveloping cell, which contains a scolopale. These features are probably general characteristics of crustacean mechanoreceptors. The mechanoreceptors respond only to strong mechanical stimuli. This corresponds to the structural features of the setae, which lack specialized socket structures. Deflection of the setae may lead to longitudinal stress to the dendrites; the latter seem to be attached proximally to the inner enveloping cell and distally to the cuticle. Thus, the mechanoreceptor structure suggests a function analogous to scolopidial receptors. The chemoreceptors are accessible to chemical stimuli via the subterminal pore. The walls of the setae, however, may be permeable as well. It seems probable that action potentials were recorded also from the dendrites of the sensory cells.