Abstract. Cholera-specific surveillance in Indonesia was initiated to identify the introduction of the newly recognized Vibrio cholerae non-O1, O139 serotype. Findings from seven years (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999) of surveillance efforts also yielded regional profiles of the importance of cholera in both epidemic and sporadic diarrheal disease occurrence throughout the archipelago. A two-fold surveillance strategy was pursued involving 1) outbreak investigations, and 2) hospital-based case recognition. Rectal swabs were transported to Jakarta for culture and isolates were characterized by serotypic identification. Outbreak findings showed that V. cholerae O1, Ogawa serotype, was the predominant etiology in all 17 instances of investigated epidemic transmission. Monitoring of eight hospitals representing seven provinces provided 6,882 specimens, of which 9% were culture positive for V. cholerae: 589 (9%) for O1 and 20 (Ͻ 1%) for non-O1 strains. Proportional representation of V. cholerae O1 among cases of sporadic diarrheal illness was variable, ranging from 13% in Jakarta to Ͻ 1% in Batam. Overall, 98% of V. cholerae O1 cases were the Ogawa serotype. There was no instance of non-

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