A series of negatively charged silica-based hybrid copolymers were prepared via free radical polymerization of c-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MAPTMS), 4-vinylbenzylchloride (VBC), and styrene (St) monomers, and the sol-gel process. Their applications for Cu 2þ removal from aqueous solution were investigated. TGA and DrTGA thermal analyses indicated that these hybrid copolymers can keep thermally stable up to 412 C. Their cation-exchange capacities (CIECs) are within the range of 0.49-1.25 mmol g -1. Adsorption experiments indicated that the adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that it is Langmuir monolayer adsorption. The electrostatic attraction between the ionic groups and Cu 2þ , the content of ionic groups and the existence of reactive chloromethyl groups might be responsible for such trend. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the incorporation of VBC in the hybrid copolymers conduces to the advance of Cu 2þ adsorption capacity; however, the incorporation of St makes little contribution to the raise of Cu 2þ adsorption capacity, suggesting that the adsorption performances of these silica-based hybrid copolymers can be artificially adjusted and have potentially application in the removal of Cu 2þ from wastewater.

a b s t r a c tA biomass oil/diesel blend was prepared using an emulsion method and combusted in a diesel engine. An injector was then removed and the morphology, composition, and structure of the carbonaceous deposits on the pintle-type nozzle were characterized using a combination of HRTEM, SEM/EDAX, Raman and XRD. Results showed that the carbon deposition of the emulsified fuel with high crystallinity was greater than that of diesel. The agglomerated particulate diameters of the deposited carbon from diesel and emulsified fuel were approximately 10-30 μm and 50 μm, respectively. The carbon deposition mechanism from the emulsified fuel was attributed to the high oxygen content of the groups leading to increased polymerization and subsequent condensation on the nozzle surfaces that was then carbonised.

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Institute, Hefei Tr i b oc h e m i c a I Effect of I m p u r i t i e s in Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate in Engine OilThis study deals with the effects of alcohols and ketones, two substances usually found in commercial zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), on the tribological behaviour of ZDDF! Experimental results show that two alcohol and ketone compounds, namely 2-ethylhexanol and methyl isopropyl ketone, respectively, have a n influence on the lubricity, wear resistance, and friction-reducing properties of ZDDF! 2-Ethylhexanol can increase the extreme-pressure properties of ZDDP (the loadcarrying capacity of a lubricating oil being enhanced from 710 to over 1100 N). At the same time, the alcohol can also improve the wear resistance of ZDDP However, this alcohol is detrimental to the antifriction properties of ZDDP, the friction coefficient of a lubricating oil being increased from 0.0919 to 0.1010. The antioxidative ability of ZDDP is weakened to some extent. The presence of a ketone, with a carbonyl group, greatly decreases the load-carrying capacity of ZDDP, which goes down from 710 N to 597.8 N on the addition of 1.5 wt.% methyl isopropyl ketone to ZDDF! The mechanisms of the influence of the alcohol and ketone on ZDDP are also investigated.Abstract alcohol, ketone, tribochemical performance, ZDDP, impurity