Water temperature is often monitored at water sources and treatment works; however, there is limited monitoring of the water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), despite a known impact on physical, chemical and microbial reactions which impact water quality. A key parameter influencing drinking water temperature is soil temperature, which is influenced by the urban heat island effects. This paper provides critique and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge, policies and challenges regarding drinking water temperature research and presents the findings from a survey of international stakeholders. Knowledge gaps as well as challenges and opportunities for monitoring and research are identified. The conclusion of the study is that temperature in the DWDS is an emerging concern in various countries regardless of the water source and treatment, climate conditions, or network characteristics such as topology, pipe material or diameter. More research is needed, especially to determine (i) the effect of higher temperatures, (ii) a legislative limit on temperature and (iii) measures to comply with this limit.

Abstract. The water temperature in the drinking water distribution system and at customers' taps approaches the surrounding soil temperature at a depth of 1 m. Water temperature is an important determinant of water quality. In the Netherlands drinking water is distributed without additional residual disinfectant and the temperature of drinking water at customers' taps is not allowed to exceed 25 • C. In recent decades, the urban (sub)surface has been getting more occupied by various types of infrastructures, and some of these can be heat sources. Only recently have the anthropogenic sources and their influence on the underground been studied on coarse spatial scales. Little is known about the urban shallow underground heat profile on small spatial scales, of the order of 10 m × 10 m. Routine water quality samples at the tap in urban areas have shown up locations -so-called hotspots -in the city, with relatively high soil temperatures -up to 7 • C warmer -compared to the soil temperatures in the surrounding rural areas. Yet the sources and the locations of these hotspots have not been identified. It is expected that with climate change during a warm summer the soil temperature in the hotspots can be above 25 • C. The objective of this paper is to find a method to identify heat sources and urban characteristics that locally influence the soil temperature. The proposed method combines mapping of urban anthropogenic heat sources, retrospective modelling of the soil temperature, analysis of water temperature measurements at the tap, and extensive soil temperature measurements. This approach provided insight into the typical range of the variation of the urban soil temperature, and it is a first step to identifying areas with potential underground heat stress towards thermal underground management in cities.

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satisfaction scores and post-op complications compared to manual THA (mTHA). The purpose of this study was to compare robotic-assisted vs. manual total hip arthroplasty index and post-discharge utilization and costs in a 90-day episode-of-care (EOC). Methods: THA procedures were identified using the Medicare 100% Standard Analytic Files. Members included patients with RATHA or mTHA between 10/1/2015-10/1/2018. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed in a 1-to-5 ratio, robotic to manual. After PSM, 938 rTHA and 4,670 mTHA were identified and included for analysis. Ninety-day episode-of-care cost, index cost, LOS, post-index rehab utilization and costs were assessed. Results: RATHA patients were less likely to have postindex IPR or SNF admissions (0.64% vs. 2.68%; p,0.0001 and 20.79% vs. 24.99%; p=0.0041, respectively). RATHA patients used fewer days in post-index inpatient and SNF care (7.15 vs. 7.91; p=0.8029 and 17.98 vs. 19.64; p=0.5080, respectively) and used fewer HHA visits, (14.06 vs. 15.00; p=0.

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