The present study was conducted to provide future researchers and dental educators with an overview of stress amongst undergraduate dental students reported in the literature. This overview is needed for the development of a new questionnaire measuring the level of stressors including students, staff and process of dental education. In addition, the review can be used to modify dental curricula to decrease such stress and produce better dentists. Our study consisted of a systematic review of 49 peer-reviewed articles published between 1966 till October 2008 in English, discussing different aspects of stress amongst undergraduate dental students. These aspects are demographic variables of stress, sources of stress, impact of stress, indicators of stress, instruments measuring stress level and management of stress. Major sources of reported stress were related to examinations, clinical requirements and dental supervisors. Studies suggest using signs and symptoms for early detection of stress and proper intervention.

This article meta-analytically reviews empirical studies on the prediction of expatriate job performance. Using 30 primary studies (total N = 4,046), it was found that predictive validities of the Big Five were similar to Big Five validities reported for domestic employees. Extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were predictive of expatriate job performance; openness was not. Other predictors that were found to relate to expatriate job performance were cultural sensitivity and local language ability. Cultural flexibility, selection board ratings, tolerance for ambiguity, ego strength, peer nominations, task leadership, people leadership, social adaptability, and interpersonal interest emerged as predictors from exploratory investigations (K < 4). It is surprising that intelligence has seldom been investigated as a predictor of expatriate job performance.Keywords: expatriate; job performance; selection; meta-analysis; predictive validity; Big Five; criterion; criteriaResearch aimed at improving expatriate selection practices shows characteristics of a domain in its pre-paradigmatic state. According to Kuhn (1962), the pre-paradigmatic period is typified by a lack of cohesion and consensus about research methods and objects, by the appearance of schools of thought, and by a conflict between these schools. Although there is little evidence of a conflict, the lack of cohesion and consensus about research objects is striking within the expatriate management literature. On the basis of either a theory or a review of earlier empirical work, many authors (e.g., Arthur & Bennett, 1995;Brislin, 1981;Gudykunst & Hammer, 1984;Hannigan, 1990;Jordan & Cartwright, 1998;Kealey, 1996;Kealey & Ruben, 1983;Leiba-O'Sullivan, 1999;Mendenhall & Oddou, 1985;Ones & Viswesvaran, 1997;Ronen, 1989) have compiled substantive lists of predictors that almost consistently show more uniqueness than overlap when compared to one another. For example, whereas Arthur and Bennett (1995) identify job knowledge and motivation, relational skills, flexibility/adaptability, extracultural openness, and family situation as factors that appear to contribute to international assignment success, Ones and 590 AUTHORS' NOTE: This research was supported in part by funding from GITP International BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. The opinions expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of GITP International BV. The authors would like to thank M. Evelina Ascalon for her valuable comments that inspired this study, Marieke van Onna, Lidia Arends and Niels Smits for their statistical advice, and, Margaret Shaffer, Maxine Dalton, Kevin Williams, Judith Volmer and others who kindly answered inquiries about their data. Viswesvaran (1997) focus on the Big Five personality dimensions (emotional stability, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) in the prediction of aspects of expatriate success. It is difficult to find a common denominator within these lists (cf. Sinangi...

Con inmensa gratitud por su apoyo constante, facilitador de oportunidades, profesor José Ismael Peña-Reyes y a Erik De Graaff quien, como un amigo, fue una fuente inspiradora y alentadora para comenzar esta investigación.

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The findings suggest that PBL not only affects the typical PBL-related competencies in the interpersonal and cognitive domains, but also the more general work-related skills that are deemed important for success in professional practice.