Impulsivity, "Advergames," and Food Intake WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Previous studies have shown that food advertisements influence caloric intake among children. However, individual susceptibility to food advertisements has not been examined thoroughly. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study examines the role of impulsivity in the effect of food advertisements. An advergame promoting snacks overruled refraining from eating, especially among impulsive children. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements. abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children. However, the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children' s snack intake.METHODS: First, impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task. Then a randomized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products. As an extra manipulation, half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating, the other half were not. Children could eat freely while playing the game. Food intake was measured. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and were weighed and measured. RESULTS:Overall, playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake. Furthermore, rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake. Finally, rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks, whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played nonfood advergames. CONCLUSIONS:Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children. The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children, making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements. Pediatrics

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Building on an action theoretical perspective, it is assumed that most televi-

Background. There are conflicting findings on the influence of gender on responding to partner abuse. Objectives. We aimed to explore gender differences in family doctors' views, attitudes, experiences and practices regarding intimate partner abuse against women.Methods. We used the focus-group method with a stratified, randomized sample of family physicians. Three male and three female groups took part. Two independent researchers analysed the transcripts of the discussions.Results. There were differences between male and female groups in discussing partner abuse, although similarities were also noted. Major contrasts in opinions were seen in (i) the role of sexuality: part of the male family doctors stated that denial of sexual relationships by a spouse was a contributing and eliciting factor to male aggression, whereas female doctors emphasized unanimously the humiliation of sexual coercion and the danger of opposing. (ii) Children as witnesses: this issue was discussed in female groups only, (iii) female doctors talked about emotional involvement with patients and male doctors about keeping distance, (iv) female doctors viewed leaving an abusive partner as a process whilst male doctors saw no progress, (v) experiences with abused patients: female doctors remembered more actual cases and (vi) practices in managing partner abuse differed between men and women.Conclusion. These remarkable gender-related differences among doctors might affect care for abused women. Doctors should be aware of gender-related views, attitudes and practices that can be harmful to their patients.

In this study we analyzed to what extent partners who share the same household affect each other's exposure to television. With the use of linear structural equation modeling we analyzed data from a large scale representative survey in The Netherlands (n 697 couples).Results indicate that both men and women influence their partner's exposure to television.When people spend much time watching television, their partners are also likely to spend a lot of time in front of the television. These influences on each other's exposure were of equal magnitude for both men and women. Finally, we found a strong socialization effect of parental viewing in the family of origin.Keywords: media use, exposure to television, partners' influence, socialization effect, parental garden may be all you want to do after a hard day's work, but your neighbor may force you to come out of your chair and talk to him by just popping his head over the hedge and starting a conversation. Or worse, he could even have you help him push his broken car up his driveway. We know from Berger and Luckmann's (1966/1991) insight in the construction of social reality that your neighbor does not even have to pop his head over the hedge, or even be at home, to make you do things you would rather not do, such as mowing your lawn, because you vicariously observe and judge yourself for your neighbor. With television, this is no different. For instance, many people feel guilty after watching television at night, instead of doing something 'useful' (cf. Hagen, 1997;Höijer, 1999). We know that others, whether actu-ally present or not, judge our actions and do not always condone our wasting time on television.People's media use is constrained especially by members of their own households. For instance, based on their own research and research of many others, Webster and Wakshlag (1982;1983) and Mutsaers (1996) argue that people's program choices depend on the program preferences of the group of people with whom they watch. World wide, family members influence and constrain each other's television use (Lull, 1988).Among the specific others in people's households, partners play a special role.Partners tend to spend their leisure time together (Kalmijn and Bernasco, 2001), and they tend to watch television together as well (McDonald, 1985(McDonald, , 1986. If men and women engage in such shared leisure time activities, this creates mutual dependencies; the more they share activities together in their leisure time, the more their well-being depends on each other Partners and TV exposure 4 (Kalmijn and Bernasco, 2001). Simultaneously, they learn how their partners give meaning to these joint activities. All of this makes it likely that partners influence each other's definition of the situation concerning television viewing (cf. Gantz, 2001;Gunter and Svennevig, 1987;Renckstorf and Wester, 2004). Subsequently, partners mutually shape each other's decisions to watch television or not, and thus mutually influence the amount of time they spend watching television ...