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psykiske forstyrrelser og psykiatrisk sykdom hos barn LIV HUNDEVADT, HENNING H. RYE Hundevadt L, Rye H. H. Om Minimal Brain Dysfunction. psykiske forstyrrelser og psykiatrisk sykdom hos barn. Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr 1987; 41:ll-20. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1455The article reviews some of the central issues relating to the MBD-concept. It refers to the commonly accepted knowledge that central cerebral dysfunctions may well exist, even though they cannot definitely be pinned down as distinct neurological symptoms. Studies that support this view are referred. The relationship between MBD, motor restlessness and hyperactivity, frequently becomes important in a diagnostic description of MBD-disorders in children. Theoretical as well as methodological problems are discussed relating to the available diagnostic tools for registering motor activity, interviews with parents, teachers a s . , and stresses the importance of observations in different settings. Another main issue focused o n is the relationship between MBD, emotional disturbance and psychiatric illness. As it is often said that the best cure for any disorder is to prevent its occurrence, the article also discusses MBD and psychopathology in a developmental perspective, focusing on the importance of the earliest possible detection and treatment. The last part of the article contains current views on such etiological issues as early developmental problems and the potential increased damaging effect in interaction with inadequate environments. The ambiguous roles of biological and genetic factors in the development of MBD-symptoms are also discussed. Etiology seems to be multi-factorial, and must as such be pursued individually in order to reach an understanding of each child's situation that allows implementation of effective remediation. 0 MBD, dysfunction, children, psychiatry, hyperactivity. Liv Hundevadt, M.D. Spesialist i barnepsykiatri, overlege, Nic Waals Institutt, Postboks 3297 Sagene, N-0405 Oslo 4. Henning H. Rye, Dr. philos. sjefspsykolog, Sentralinstituttet for Cerebral Parese, Berg ghrd, Bergsallten 21, N-0854 Oslo 8. Akseptdato: 25.5.86. Nord J Psychiatry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Otago on 01/02/15 For personal use only.

Rye H, Hundevadt L. Emotional problems and treatment in minimal brain dysfunction. Nord J Psychiatry 1993;47: 123-132. Oslo. ISSN 0803-9488. This paper presents and discusses the most common emotional and social problems relating to minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) in childhood and adolescence, as well as traditional and new approaches to treatment. The emotional problems are described as either reactions to primary symptomsthat is, perceptual, cognitive, language, or motor dysfunctions causing obstacles and frustrations in learning and mastery of social, academic, and recreational activitiesor reactions mainly caused by the interactive conflicts that may develop as a resuit of a combination of even slight developmental dysfunctions and lack of understanding and support by the social environment. Some of the most common emotional problems described are aggression, lack of self-confidence, anxiety, depression, and antisocial behaviour. The psychosocial development of these children will be influenced by the extent to which information and understanding are given by the social environment and access to professional treatment and support is given. The importance of early detection of dysfunctions and intervention is stressed, as is the need for development of a proper service for youth and adults with MBD problems. New methods in prevention and early treatment of psychosocial problems, with focus on early child-caregiver interactions, seem to be very promising and deserve further investigation in relation to children with MBD problems. 0 Emotional problems, Treatment, MBDIDAMPIADHD. Liv Hundevadt, overlege, spes. i barneog ungdomspsykiatri, Nic Waals Institutt, Postboks 143 Then, N-0801 Oslo, Norway; Accepted: 10 September 1992.5 bedre rutiner og metoder for screening og tidlig diagnostikk (1). Nord J Psychiatry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Newcastle on 01/03/15 For personal use only. Nord J Psychiatry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Newcastle on 01/03/15 For personal use only.