Dynamic Assessment (DA) is known as an alternative assessment through which learners are helped to enhance performance beyond their current ability. Although the concept of DA has been widely introduced by experts, the it is still rarely put in practice by many educators, in particular, in the Indonesia context. The present study aims to investigate the implementation of DA approach in intermediate grammar class. To this end, eighty-five Indonesian EFL university students who took Functional Grammar Course from the English Education study program participated in this study. The participants belonged to experiment and control groups with each consisting of 42 and 43 students respectively. The data were collected through pretest and posttest. The findings revealed that DA had an impact on the students' grammar mastery, as suggested by the significant increase of post-test scores compared to pre-test ones among the experiment class and by the significant difference between the post test scores of the experimental and control classes, in favour of the experimental one. Accordingly, the findings highlighted the need for language teachers' attention to DA as an alternative to other assessment methods.

This research looks into the use of the Paikem Gembrot model as a method of teaching English to young learners. The study aims to understand the challenges and efforts of kindergarten teachers regarding the Paikem Gembrot method in introducing English to young learners. The study employed a narrative inquiry approach, using a narrative frame to gather data from 40 kindergarten teachers in East Java. The findings show that those teachers have positive perceptions of the Paikem Gembrot model and believe it to be successful in promoting English language learning among young learners. However, they also identified some challenges such as lack of understanding of the concept, insecurity, lack of appropriate learning tools and media, lack of teacher skills in managing the class, low attention span of children, and the young age factor. The teachers have got involved in attending seminars, sharing experiences with other teachers, and learning from a variety of media. They also suggested the development of simple and widely accessible learning tools and carrying out activities with a cheerful tone to address the technical issues.

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To effectively satisfy the 21st century learning capabilities, students' critical thinking abilities must be improved, especially in higher education. When learning to read, this can be performed. In this instance, the students should employ their critical reading strategies. students can employ critical reading practices to develop their critical thinking abilities. In this study, an argumentative text was chosen since students in higher education should be able to write scientific papers like theses and journal articles. This study aims to apply the Guided Discovery Learning method in critical reading classes using argumentative texts. This research was conducted on third semester students of the English Education study program, Surabaya State University. Data collection was obtained through observation, tests, and questionnaires. The results of the study show that the reading of argumentation texts becomes more in-depth and critical after the Guided Discovery Learning method is applied. This increase is partly due to the existence of elements of experience and concrete situations that make it easier for students to understand problems and make decisions in a comprehensive manner. Keywords: Critical Thinking, Guided Discovery Learning, Argumentative text.