No abstract

After the introduction of suxamethonium in 1953, cases of cardiac arrest during induction of anesthesia were recorded. In the following years, hyperkalemia was identified as the cause, and the connection to acetylcholine receptor modulation as the underlying molecular mechanism was made. Activation of the acetylcholine receptor with suxamethonium, acetylcholine, or choline causes an efflux of potassium to the extracellular space. However, certain pathological conditions cause acetylcholine receptor proliferation and the emergence of immature receptors capable of a larger potassium efflux to the bloodstream. These pathologic conditions include upper and lower neuron injuries, major burns, trauma, immobility, muscle tumors, muscular dystrophy, and prolonged critical illness. The latter is more important and relevant than ever due to the increasing number of COVID-19 patients requiring prolonged respiratory support and consequent immobilization. Suxamethonium can be used safely in the vast majority of patients. Still, reports of lethal hyperkalemic responses to suxamethonium continue to emerge. This review serves as a reminder of the pathophysiology behind extensive potassium release. Proficiency in the use of suxamethonium includes identification of patients at risk, and selection of an alternative neuromuscular blocking agent is imperative.

No abstract

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute and often fully reversible heart failure condition. TTS was initially regarded as a benign syndrome, but it is known that TTS is associated with a mortality comparable to that of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Interestingly, 2/3 of TTS occurrences are triggered by emotional or physical stressors. Meanwhile, the pathophysiology behind TTS is poorly understood. As no randomized trials exist to define the optimal treatment, current guidelines are based on expert opinion and the management of TTS-patients is often supportive.We present the case of a postmenopausal woman with relapsing TTS from two different emotional stressors where the treatment was carried out in cooperation between psychiatric and cardiology specialists.This case bears significance as severe relapsing TTS was managed successfully in collaboration between cardiologists and psychiatrists.