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A digital twin is a digital asset that simulates the behaviours of a physical counterpart. Digital twin ship literature identifies that the concept is already being applied to specialised problems, but no clear guide exists for creating broader interdisciplinary digital twins. Relevant dimensions of product data modelling and previous attempts at standardizing ship data elucidate the requirements for effective data modelling in a digital twin context. Such requirements are placed in a broader perspective for digital twin implementation that encompasses challenges and directions for future development of services, networks, and software. Finally, an open standardization for digital twin data is proposed based on lessons extracted from this panorama, proposing its application to a research vessel.

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This article approaches the complexity aspects of conceptual ship design from a systems engineering point of view. We introduce the issue by defining the term complexity in systems engineering, placing the conceptual ship design task as a complex system problem and creating analogies between generic complex systems and a ship. Five main aspects of complexity are presented, linking challenges of the conceptual phase to each of the aspects. The structural aspect is related to the arrangement and interrelationship of the physical objects in the ship. The behavioral aspect derives from the form-function mapping. The external circumstances to which the ship is subjected are approached through the contextual aspect. Uncertainties in the scenarios and changes over time are related to the temporal aspect. The perceptual aspect relates to how stakeholders perceive the value that they receive from a chosen design. A theoretical study to address these five aspects is presented, applying the responsive systems comparison method in the conceptual design of an anchor handling a tug supply vessel. The last section discusses why decomposing the complexities of the ship design task in five aspects is a benefit.