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INTRODUCTIONSea surface scattering by wind-generated waves and bubbles is regarded to be the main nonplatform-related cause of the time variability of shallow acoustic communication channels.Simulations for predicting the quality of acoustic communication links in such channels thus require adequate modelling of these dynamic sea-surface effects. It is known that, for frequencies in the range 1-4 kHz, the effect of bubbles on sea surface reflection loss is mainly due to refraction, which can be modelled with a modified sound-speed profile accounting for the bubble void fraction in the surface layer (Hall-Novarini model). The upward refraction induced by the bubble cloud then effectively acts as a catalyst for increasing the rough-surface scattering.In the present work, it is shown that, for frequencies in the range 4-8 kHz, bubble extinction also provides a significant contribution to the surface loss, including both the effects of bubble scattering and absorption. As this is the frequency band adopted in the European Defence Agency (EDA) project RACUN (Robust Acoustic Communication in Underwater Networks [1]), in which the reported research has been conducted, both bubble refraction and extinction effects should be modelled for acoustic channel simulations in RACUN. These model-based channel simulations will be performed by applying a Gaussian-beam ray-tracer (BELLHOP), together with a toolbox for generation of realistic rough sea surfaces based on both fully-developed ocean and short-fetch North Sea wave-height spectra and angular spreading functions (WAFO). SEA SURFACE MODELLING IntroductionThe objective of the present work is to improve channel modelling for underwater acoustic communication by incorporation of the effects of time-varying ambient conditions, especially windgenerated sea surface wave effects. These effects are probably the main cause of time-varying multipath and Doppler spread when both the transmitter and receiver are static. The sea surface dynamics can roughly be divided into two basic mechanisms:1. Periodic vertical motion of the sea surface; 2. Near-surface bubbles created by (breaking) waves.See Figure 1 for a schematic illustration of these effects.In order to keep things practical, we will at this point assume a separation of time scales for the sea surface dynamics and the underwater acoustic propagation. That is, we will treat the problem as "piece-wise frozen". For each "frozen" realization of the sea surface and the bubble distribution, acoustic computations are then performed without accounting for the instantaneous velocity of the sea surface and the bubbles. The main Doppler effects come in as a consequence of the variation of the path lengths between consecutive realizations [2]. This is called the range rate: dL k (t)/dt, with

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Flooding-based protocols are a reliable solution to deliver packets in underwater sensor networks. However, these protocols potentially involve all the nodes in the forwarding process. Thus, the performance and energy efficiency are not optimal. In this work, we propose some advances of a flooding-based protocol with the goal to improve the performance and the energy efficiency. The first idea considers the node position information in order to reduce the number of relays that may apply flooding. Second, a network coding-based protocol is proposed in order to make a better use of the duplicates. With network coding, each node in the network recombines a certain number of packets into one or more output packets. This may give good results in flooding-based protocols considering the high amount of packets that are flooded in the network. Finally, a fusion of both ideas is considered in order to exploit the benefits of both of them.

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