Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death in women. Cancer treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiology often cause undesirable side effects. Therefore, alternative cancer treatment by using plants as traditional medicine was expected to reduce side effects. Nigella sativa is one of the plants used as anticancer empirically. This study conducted to examine the cytotoxic activity of Nigella sativa seeds and identify its components on T47D breast cancer cells. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were used to extract N. sativa seeds. The extracts were tested their cytotoxic activity on T47D cell line using MTT method. The active compound was separated using column chromatography. Cytotoxic test on T47D cell line was perform for extracts of each separation stage. Data were analyzed by probit analysis to obtain IC50 values. Components identification was performed using GC-MS analysis. The results showed that chloroform extract has cytotoxic activity better than other extracts with IC50 of 124.206 µg/mL. The third fraction has cytotoxic activity better than other fractions with IC50 of 68.568 µg/mL. The GC-MS analysis showed that in the third fraction of the chloroform extract contain linoleat acid, the major compound and tryptamine.

Calanone (coumarin derivate compound), isolated from Calophyllum sp. had been shown to have cytotoxic activity on leukemia L1210 cell line with IC50 = 59.40 mg/mL. Calanone presumed have anticancer activity on HeLa cervical carcinoma cell. This study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of calanone and its effect to p53 and p21 expression on HeLa cervical carcinoma cell. Cytotoxic assay of calanone was performed on HeLa cell line, using MTT assay. Apoptotic assay was performed on HeLa cell line incubated with calanone for 24 h, by immunofluororescence method, using fluorochromes ethidium bromide and acridine orange. Expression of p53 was examined on HeLa cell line, by PCR with p53 wild-type primer. Expression of p21 was examined on HeLa cell line, by immunohistochemistry method. 5-fluorourasil was used as positive control in cytotoxic, apoptotic assay, and p53 expression. The result showed that calanone has cytotoxic activity on HeLa cell line, with IC50 = 22.887 mg/mL, caused cytotoxicity through apoptotic mechanism, increase p53 tumor suppressor gene expression, while the p21 expression test showed a negative result.   Keywords: Calanone, cytotoxic, HeLa cell line

In previous studies, Zingiber officinale, Piper retrofractum, and the combination showed cytotoxic activity, induced apoptosis, and p53 expression of HeLa, T47D, and MCF-7 cell lines. This study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Zingiber officinale (ZO), Piper retrofractum (PR), and the combination as well as their effect to p53 expression on Myeloma and WiDr cells. The powder of ZO, PR, and ZO + PR combination (1:1) were macerated with 96% ethanol for 3 x 24 hours. MTT cytotoxic assay was performed on Myeloma and WiDr cell lines. Apoptotic cells were stained with ethidium bromide and acridine orange. Imunohistochemical expression of p53 was examined on Myeloma and WiDr cell lines. Doxorubicin was used as positive control in all assays. Results showed that ZO, PR, and ZO + PR combination had cytotoxic activity on Myeloma cells with IC 50 of 28, 36, and 55 mg/ml respectively and WiDr cell lines with IC 50 of 74, 158, and 64 mg/ml respectively, induced apoptotic activity, and increased p53 expression on Myeloma and WiDr cells. These results suggest that ZO, PR, and their combination induced Myeloma and WiDr cells in apoptosis through p53 expression.

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Chemotherapy may emerge side-effect since it may treat inconveniently the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, both cancer cells or normal cells. Plants as a cancer therapy were expected to reduce this toxicity and side effects. Plants which used empirically for cancer therapy was Zingiber officinale cv. Rubrum and Piper retrofractum. This study was conducted to examine the cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract combination of two plants in HeLa and T47D cell lines. Zingiber officinale cv. Rubrum, Piper retrofractum and mixture (1:1) powdered then macerated with 96% ethanol for 3 x 24 hours. Identification of the constituent that had potential anticancer effect was used TLC with silica GF 254 as stationary phase, cytotoxic activity was examined by yellow MTT assay, then analyzed using probit. Apoptotic assay was performed by immunofluororescence method, using fluorochromes ethidium bromide and acridine orange. The result showed that Zingiber officinale cv. Rubrum contains terpenoids, while Piper retrofractum contains alkaloids substance. The mixture showed cytotoxic activity against HeLa and T47D cell with IC50 33 and 53 µg/mL respectively. The extract caused cytotoxic effect through apoptotic mechanism.