In classroom teaching, material objects like the blackboard play an important role. Yet qualitative research on education has largely ignored this material dimension of education and focused on interaction and discourse. Both dimensions are, however, closely related to each other. Material objects are embedded in classroom discourse and are transformed into knowledge objects by speech acts, and in turn structure discussions and constitute a point of reference for school lessons. Drawing on ethnographic research on classroom lessons in mathematics and science classes in German high schools, we propose a perspective that recognizes both the materiality of teaching and its interactive dimension.

As recent studies in economic and financial sociology have underscored, calculation is central to economic practices. While some sociological accounts locate the performance of calculation within individual ability, networks of human agents or their cultural embeddedness, studies operating on the background of the sociology of (scientific) knowledge conceive of calculation as situated in the practice of the participants engaged, the technological tools used and their requirements. The article explores this point further, using a distinction which can be traced back to Heidegger’s notion of Gestell (enframing): the ‘calculation of something’ and the ‘calculation with something’ are analysed taking the practices of risk management departments of big international banks as an example. It is argued that, through the use of calculation tools, the corporate clients are constituted anew and that written documents which are the outcome of this process constitute a social prosthesis for remote communication taking place between subsidiaries and the headquarters of international banks.

Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung des ethnografischen Forschungsansatzes. Es führt in die methodologischen Grundlagen, den Forschungsprozess sowie die konkreten Schritte der Forschungspraxis ein. Die Autoren zeigen, wie sich Ethnografen ihrem Feld annähern, Daten gewinnen und wieder auf Distanz zum Feld gehen, wie sie an Protokollen arbeiten, Überraschungen entdecken, Daten sortieren und Themen entwickeln. Es wendet sich an Studierende der Soziologie, der Ethnologie, der Erziehungswissenschaft, der empirischen Kulturwissenschaft und an alle Sozialwissenschaftler/innen, die Ethnografie treiben wollen. Prof. Dr. Georg Breidenstein ist Erziehungswissenschaftler an der Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Prof. Dr. Stefan Hirschauer und Prof. Dr. Herbert Kalthoff sind Soziologen an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Jun.-Prof. Dr. Boris Nieswand ist Ethnologe und Soziologe an der Universität Tübingen.

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From small enterprises all the way up to financial markets, economic calculation is an activity routinely conducted in economic life-worlds. This paper argues that calculation is situated in the practice of participants involved in these life-worlds as well as in the technological tools they use. It champions a sociological analysis of the world-constituting character of calculation. As empirical examples the paper discusses risk management strategies, the embeddedness of calculation practices in banking infrastructure, and the process of internal rating procedures. Contesting the idea of the omnipresence of calculation, the paper analyzes the social phenomenon of the neutralization of calculation. The notion of undoing calculation is introduced and outlined both theoretically and empirically.