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This retrospective clinical study investigated the neuropsychological, physiological, and behavioral functioning of 32 adult outpatients up to 65 months following nonimpact brain injury (i.e., whiplash). All participants were administered a flexible battery of cognitive tests, and some underwent neurodiagnostic procedures and sleep studies. Compared with published norms, neuropsychological data revealed significant and persistent age-adjusted cognitive deficits, primarily in the area of executive functioning. Participants frequently complained of problems with behavioral control, sleep, and sexuality. Although structural neuroimaging was not sensitive in detecting brain pathology, quantitative electroencephalography was abnormal in all the participants evaluated, showing frontocentral slowing and increased spike wave activity. We propose that whiplash injury can produce wide-ranging circuitry dysfunction and that test selection is critical in identifying cognitive deficits.

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The subjects' task in the present experiment was the recognition of the second of a pair of freely associated words, tachistoscopically presented. A stimulus word from a word association test is used as a “set-inducing” word. It was predicted that response words which are frequent associates of the set-inducing word would be more quickly recognized than response words that are infrequently associated with the set-inducing word. High-frequency associates were found to yield shorter recognition times than two other classes of matched infrequent associates and the results are significant beyond the 0.05 level.